by Prof. Jiren Bao; 703 750-0039
This is a very rough draft of a translation of an award-winning Chinese book into English. Brad Cox put this book in the Middle of Nowhere web as a professional courtesy to Professor Bao.
Summary
The author's creative theory K.O.M, makes the mathematical modeling of leadership, experts and masses triple integrate decision making. It is a universal nonlinear mathematical programming, which strides across the difference of capitalism and socialism operation. It is specially the east Asia ethics order and the break through of nonlinear social science.
Decision making is information processing. Listing the whole restraints of physic-psychological, socio-psychological and cognitive - psychological, the decision making turns into three dimensions systems, and practically becomes complex function. The system engineering is the another degeneration. Though it is a profound and philosophic book. It can be useful to mediate the trouble issue for decision maker. And it is "a golden key to open the modern information society" for the common readers.
This book is mostly a translation from a Chinese book (ISBN 7-208-01825-1). Then to add some American causes now we have cases under the different culture.
Inscription of Xia, Yan
The middle of this century. There have arisen the nuclear fission, computer, system science and other Hi-Techs. The boundary between natural and social science readily disappear. This has verified the famous saying:" Along with every epoch-making invention in natural science field, materialism is to be necessary to change the reform itself." Let us emancipate the mind and greet the Hi-Tech times of 21 century.
March 27, 1989
Preface
Comments on Professor Bao's New Book by Y. Paul Huo (Aug. 15, 1991) Washington State University
Theoretical developments in managerial behavior in the past two decades seem to have exacerbated rather than ameliorated the schism between social and physical scientists. Research in behavioral science has been drifting away from the conventional paradigms of "hard" sciences. These phenomenon may be interpreted either positively or negatively. On the positive side, the discipline of managerial behavior has grown, by and large, into a relatively independent, self-sufficient state. On the flip side, however, advocates of interdisciplinary research have found it increasingly difficult to pursue a marriage between hard and soft sciences.
As such, I am pleased to learn that professor Bao has taken a first step to make research in behavioral science a little more scientific by systematically quantifying and modeling the parameters of human behavior in the arena of management. In an era when quantitative and behavioral researchers still mock each other. Professor Bao's attempt to bridge the hard and soft sides of scientific research is certainly and miracle.
Does human behavior in organizations follow the same laws that depict the thermal/fluid dynamics? Some behavioral scientists may consider it ridiculously unrealistic to even ask such a question. They might argue that human behavior is much more complex and unpredictable than what is depicted by theories in physical sciences in particular there might be too many "moises" in the human society interfering with whatsoever predictions made on the basis of "K.O.M. model." Nonetheless, this very criticism is equally applicable to the postulate of "economic man" commonly used by quantitative economists. The so-called economic man who follows a rational and local path of thinking to maximize his economic welfare may never exist in the real world. Few would deny, nowhere, that this way of modeling economic behaviors has realty helped advance human understanding of the economic phenomena in modern society. By the same token, the beauty of "K.O.M model" lies in its capability to simplify the complex picture of the real world so that people might grasp the essences of managerial behavior more easily.
There is yet a long way to go before professor Bao's theory gets widely accepted as a valid paradigm of managerial behavior. A major challenge lies in verifying the explanatory power of his model by studying a large number of cases in a broader context of the real world. Even it is impossible to fit the real-life phenomena into his model perfectly, it will be feasible and meaningful to ask "what if the value of a parameter is changed?" In this book, professor Bao has provided numerous enlightening examples to meet this goal. Understandably, the audience may remain suspicious until additional, comprehensive real-life cases are analyzed with the unique framework offered by professor Bao. Hopefully, some day in the future the credibility of his "K.O.M theory" will appear as obvious to common people as Isaac Newton's theory of gravity, I look forward to the coming of this day. (Translated by Zhao, Yongchang)
Contents
Inscription of Xia Yan Preface (Professor Y. Paul Huo) Introduction Section 1 Scientific Theory Chapter 1 Non-linear Mathematical Programming What is the managerial behavior? 3, a lovely number Plasticine -- restraints and dimensional degeneration Non-linear mathematical pyromania Objective function of decision making and (X1, X2) "Single log bridge function" "jealous function" Chapter 2 Dis-symmetric triangle 7, another lovely number isosceles triangle? the operator Chapter 3 K.O.M Magic Cube five behavior mades behavior structure Score norm with uncertainty Efficiency "same will of the people, the mountain would be moved" "monkey king" Lei, Feng Robot Solider of PLA Parameter classification Chapter 4 Preliminary contrary saying of Mao, Zedong Experience of Lin, Biao The procedure of US Congress "Sun Zi's military strategies & Tactics" Rand Co. Theory of decision making Theory of adaptability Theory ZSection 2 Practical Method Chapter 5 Case 1: M questionnaire method making questionnaire by operator system of experts mass opinion leadership and graph for decision making scoring situation summary of this case
Chapter 6 Case 2: O questionnaire method making questionnaire by operator O questionnaire M questionnaire Summary of this case
Section 3 Philosophy and Culture chapter 7 philosophy chapter 8 Mathematics Chapter 9 Of cultural psychology the division of cultural psychology investigation of Chinese cultural psychology at the gate of park is the K.O.M specially designed for Chinese? Is the K.O.M. only designed for Chinese?
Appendix 1. The comments of scholars and experts Associate professor Zhang, Zu Cheng's comment Dr. Heilprin's comment Research professor Xu, Lian Chang's comment Research professor Tao, Zu Lai's comment other two comments' 2. Plotted function 3. Reference Postscript
Introduction
What this book says?
This book is about the optimization of triple integrate decision making. It belongs decision making science and behavior science. it belongs the quantitative school of thought of decision making and managerial behavior.
According to decision making science, K.O.M. is the Delph Procedure analytically and in a broad sense. It considers the illstructured issue to be the general object. It considers the good structured problem as the specific example of O=0, or equally, system engineering is the degeneration of O=0. At that circumstance, it gives the rational framework main part of M-dimension.
According to behavior science, it is analytical and higher behavior science. It is easier to spread the decision because of "group decision making." More than that, behavior science in the mother science of law.
According to politics, this " not unique level, not equal weighty, not simple majority and not integer vote' is much more scientific and democratic. It is the new developments of democracy. it provides much control and constraints to corruption and unhealthy tendency.
According to philosophy. It provides the whole viewing of progressive evolution in the vicinity of equilibrium. So it is the philosophy of reform, the philosophy of uncertain world. The dynamics of time dialectics.
According to culture, it is suitable for Chinese tradition of ethics and cognition. The parameter O is influenced by culture strongly. So it is for China the clothes making by taking somebody's measurements.
Finally we mention the math, except the "personal mathematics" for the mathematicians. We may use the nomenclature of "social mathematics" for the society thinking operations. There are full of nonlinear. And it is urgent to be developed.
The origin of this book
This is a popularized academic book. The original is the academic monograph "The Structure of Modern Managerial Behavior' (university of Science and Technology of China Press. Nov. 1989.) The monograph is originated of a thesis "Low risk decision making by using intellectual -onsage- shock wave model", 1984. The monograph won the 4th Chinese National Book Prize for the reason of "interscience break thorough". The minister of propaganda of Chinese Communist party central committee of that time gave the certificate. The five years after the publication of monograph. There are two progresses. One is the cases done in science and Technology circles in Beijing and Shanghai. The second, I contacted the society broad and got the deep understand to different social stratums. Then changing the angle of view and the language I wrote this book.
The structure of section-chapter
The first is introduction. The goal of this lies in eliminating the psychological barrier to readers for reading the abstruse theory. It is also a outline in order to have a break when the readers finish it so as to continue to read whole book. The following three sections. The first is scientific theory, the second is practical method, it is the application development of first section. The third is philosophy and culture. it is the advance to philosophy, math and culture. The three sections are pieces together but independent each other also. ancient Instruction: " Listen to both sides and you will be enlightened; heed only one sides and you will be benighted" Triple integration, it implies the leadership, experts and mass make triple integration. The key word is the "3". It demands the decision makers to listen both sides from experts and mass. It demands also the mass to participate actively. But some leaders today behave the accustomed to viewing upward in the planned economy period. Some leader today are not open minded, not having a mind as open as a valley. One should know that the mistakes of leader's decision making frequently happened. For the great Britain, there was policy of appeasement before the second world war. For the US there was the indiscreet of involving Vietnam War. For China, there was the ten year's "culture revolution' tragedy.
The year's culture revolution, it is no doubt the Mao, Zedon's serious mistake in his later years. This is already to be written into the historical resolution of Chinese Communist Party central committee. But we must have the viewing from both sides, the K.O.M. precise vote system with "not unique level, not equal weighty, not simple majority and not integer vote" is much more without distortion. But, if we don't pay attention to, this rule can not go to application widely.
'Listen to both sides and you will be enlightened; heed only one side and you will be benighted: "every man has a share of responsibility for the fate of his country" These are Chinese ancient helpful proverbs. We should take it. If the leaders are just "odd feeling for himself", and the mass dissimulate the responsibility to the great person. These feelings should be corrected.
Laying the railway truck simultaneously with the vehicle making A paper has published in March 15, 1994 on "Shanghai Youth Newspaper". the special another Cheng, Bang He pointed, every country are combined to the economic competition field modern times. Every country becomes a team. The practice proves that which country has the strong consciousness to participate for win and has the good and reasonable order with the modern ethics combination, which country is more possible to win. he considers that Japan developed the economy as strengthen the ethics as well during recent hundred years like "laying the railway truck simultaneously with the vehicle making". It lets the economic train running fast.
The situation of reforming now is getting better. The Chinese nation now has got the change of "one in hundred." The divine land is bustling with activity. To my understanding, the Cheng's paper warns us not to be impulsive and short time viewing. People should pay special attention to deep going orders. This kind of orders, are modern, are combined with ethics, and are good reasonable. This should be complexible. I think, the K.O.M.. that it is. Don't you think so?
Coming straight to the point" The semi-matrix K.O.M. is the learning of affairs. It provider the order of fair and reasonable. The order is complex comparating the traffic lights at the cross road. The main results of K.O.M. are as follow, this is the half of square or named semi-matrix. We are coming straight to the paint now.
Science and god what the state of mind you with, when you look this semi-matrix. With "listen to both sides and you will be enlightened" or with "everybody has a share of responsibility for the fate of his country"? It may should be that! The Nobelist H.A. Simmon said:" management is the decision making," "limit reason," "satisfactory instead of optimization" The second words indicate the limit reasonable for people. There is no ideal. There is a proverb say: "every one for himself, god for everybody." Under this meaning, the god and the science pay attention to public benefits. Science and god exist simultaneously.
Be quick at green light, better make detour at red light Above are the common saying to describe the people, who applicant the game theory to deal with government's mathematical programming. In all fairness, the game theory and mathematical programming vary substantially unity of opposites. Therefore, this kind of state of mind is common. As a bike rider, my idea just like that ' if there is a green light quite long time, I should be quick to speak up. If there is a red light just at moment, I will always make turning in advance."
So it should promise people to understand the semi-matrix from the negative side or selfish side. What is the best solution. The sub-best solution, the is not bad solution and bad solution in this semi-matrix diagram? How do not o too far? How to use the policy by taking full account. Here, we cite the American former president words as follows" We must use the result of theory K.O.M. with such mood." That must be relevant.
To win against, To loss less as well We explain the semi-matrix now..
The abscissa in M, also the 1/M axle is paralleled to it. M is the parameter related to risk. 1/M is the degree of assurance, 1-1/M is then the degree of risk. The ordinate is the O, O is the internal discipative, 1-o then is the rate of support, the "2*7 measurement" is parallel to be put with.
To consider abscissa and ordinate as well. That is the "listen to both side and you will be enlightened. Here is, the abscissa is the permissiveness of external circumstance, it is objective, it is given by rational opinion of expert system. The 1/M is the support rate of expert system; The ordinate is the permissiveness of internal circumstance, the feasibility of quality. This is also basically objective for the decision maker. For mass, it is quite subjective because the O involving the difference of values and misunderstanding. The 1-O is the support rate of mass. In believe, the leader should listen both expert's reason and mass's emotion.
There is a pentagon star on above of right. Its coordinates are: 1/M=70%, O=0.1. And the values of objective functions are =100, =74.6. Let us explain: =100, it is the grade measure of win a battle. Here is 100 score. There is ordinary expenditure involved according to =M* . -74.6/ This is the grade measure of irreversibility. The death and serious injure are that . If =100, it qill be perfect and reversible
Benefit and efficiency are the dual goal, this is a complex or a plane vector. The is term of office related. The is the measure of future trouble. As mentioned above, for simple and convenient, commonly we take only.
No risk in external circumstance and no discipative in internal, 100% agree, everybody raises hand to support, this kind of things can not happen. If we think so, this will be the childish of us. If a general act always under the principle of 70% assurance, it his staff officer do analysis the situation of both enemy and ours up to 70% assurance, and the quality of troop is good enough as O=0.1. Then, this things and behaviors will be scored as 100 grade. But, it we measure the reversibility and perfection. It will be the 75 grade.
War and Peace
It is said, that if a primary school students get the score of 99, his parents will still perplex and be uneasy. The competition of entering into higher school is so strong! But, there is partly such reason, because the world students faced with is a "certainty world."
But, there is a "uncertainty world' now! There are the primitive society, solve society, fundal society, capitalism society, socialism society and communism society according mainly to production relations. Comparatively, there are husbandry society, agriculture society, industrial society and post -- industrial society or information society (sometimes, we name it information era, or knowledge era) according manly to production. The average inherent values of K.O.M are accordingly increasing along with the develop of societies. The modern complicated and transient information society is specially the "uncertainty world."
There is no marketing risk for the natural economy. But there is more natural catastrophe risk of such economy. The planned economy does not recognize the risk. And the war does not admit the inner discipative. Because it follows the rules of "to execute the understanding, to execute also the not understanding. To understand more in the carrying out."
The China is a developing country. She just comes from agriculture society. She just also comes from the times of war, the times of drastic "class struggle." And she just yet comes from planned economy then transits to marketing economy. Like that, the Chinese are accustomed to uncertainty or not? What is the "good and reasonable order with the modern ethics combination?"
"Inner discipative," the words were used to the contradiction among people, to the peace times. It seems to hidden in the times of war and class struggle. It seems also to be hidden if the "commanding officer's will" is current popular. But, all above mentioned are the "in case." In fact, the external risk and inner discipative of the system operation are always exist and forever.
The pentagon star on the above right of semi-matrix represents the three year's Chinese liberation war in fact. The Campaign in peace time may be better than it or may be worse than it. The semi-matrix provides totally 45 rids as usual use. The performance of 24 grids are better than the of the pentagon star. It is for the perfection. We draw a follow pentagon star in the left of. This is the representative behavior in peace times: The quality of members is possibly low than the soldiers at that times, but the work should be done much carefully and with more assurance; The campaign may not be brilliant as that war is, but the cost should be paid less than that times.
But, the hollow pentagon star should not be used to fan out to entire.
The "counter-revolutionary in drawer" It is hard to understand but not making up. If we can understand the "counter-revolutionary on big-character poster," We may then guess the close concept.
There is virtual "anti-revolutionary." One of my high school classmate, who had been put into rightists (the anti-revolutionary) when he still was a freshman in 1957. He was insistently to say that the tsarist Russia had forcibly occupied some territories of our country in northeast and northwest. These words were not suitable at time. "Showing nor understanding of the times." Then he had sent into exile to Xinjiang (a Chinese northwest province bordered with USSR that time.) There he spend 20 years in his life.
Our generation, we saw the cold blooded knife on rifle of Japanese soldier, the bitter suffering of motherland had been ironed onto heart. We were at life's full flowering after the liberation, 1949, when we were early youth. We had gone through the Campaigns of "debate of red and expert" "debate of three red banners", "anti-revisionism" and so forth. It seems to have two kinds of people there. Some people "trim their sails," they understand the times well. They never try to beyond some "thresholds." Other are different, but they are still mild and tactful. They never behaves like that classmate above mentioned. The second category may become of "anti-revolutionary in drawer" by chance. Their acting rule is 1 The negation of negation
The dialectics recounts the ninety of opposites, quantitative and qualitative changes and negation of negation. The 'negation of negation", has turned a circle, but it is not at the original location. There used be a saying " developing in spirals. To my understanding, the space of K.O.M is curved and also folded. The reason of folded is the single direction of time. Therefore, it is developing in spirals or downward in spirals but not the circle on original plane.
To do things according to feelings and experiences? Afterwards, you have read this book. You may use the reason and quantitative to deny perceptual. But, you may use the intuitive perception to deny reason again. Negation of negation. You feeling must be much sensitive and better.
1+1=2 and without knowing the risk and the discipative, it is the level of primary school student. The China would not become "moderate developed." If the quality of people was not so high and only depended upon the tactics of sea of people. The pupil can also watch the person's every mood, but he can only read the simple happiness and anger. And you readers can understand much more from the tome, smiling expression and the choicing of words.
Over-cooked is worse than fresh and tender
"The high rate of support is worse than the low rate of support." At the first hearing, this is difficult to accept. In fact, you see the problem statically with having a mind to or having not to. The dialectics opposites the metaphysical viewpoint as isolated, static and one-sided.
For frying vegetable, it is important to be done in a turn, no good as not well done, but over-cooked is worse than fresh and tender. Going too far is as bad as not going for enough. This is the time dialectics. K.O.M is the dynamics theory, not advancing equal retreating. Every thing should be put on the time train to look.
From the semi-matrix, if a case is almost accepted by mass, O=0.167, the score of "2*7 measurement" is "6". Then, the support rate of expert system will be the optimization at the 75%. To raise the support rate by spending time in convincing process is pedantic therefore. It should be listed the time cost also!
If the quality of troop is quite high, the optimal degree of assurance for the resolution of the general will 70%, too high of assurance is conservative. As the limit, in order to get 100% assurance, may be only one chance in whole life, what is the benefit? If the degree of assurance is too small, it must be the dull-witted or even the war nobby. Balancing the wins and the losses, the total benefit must not be high. The deep profound of above mentioned is of what the reason is superior than intnition. At least, the intnition is difficult to be quantitative.
The Godbach conjecture?
The "Goldbach's conjecture" is a house hold word now. This is representative of being emphasized on the science today in China. The semi-matrix includes the main results of K.O.M. Is this a supposition? Of course, it is.
On the basis of this, I had tried to rename the theory K.O.M as the supposition K.O.M. But there were many opposed to. According to famous British scientist of scientific phylasoph paper. They, supposition, guess even viewpoint are the same somehow. We didn't have to argue. ''Since it is the "supposition," it should be verified. I have had many times to give report in Beijing and Shanghai. Some professors in majors of arts said to me: it is not understand totally but they believed. More generally, it is necessarily to do cases. A expert told me should do the big case. A officer and scholar told me that the access for deciding making science entering into practice is narrow. So, there are big difficulties. The question is: need lots of casts to be done. The professor Huo in preface of this book said: "understandably, the audience may remain suspicious until additional, comprehensive real-life cases are analyzed with the unique framework offered by professor Bao." So "there is yet a long way to go before professor Bao's theory gets widely accepted as a valid paradigm of managerial behavior."
The problem is : the research word of theory K.O.M is likely the Darwin's evolution theory. This was the comment of a professor when I was a visiting scholar in university of Maryland. We ask the scientist proper to do some favor. I said: any theory must be capable to deny. As people well know, suitable for moderate scope and low speed, the Newton's mechanics has been denied by the theory of relativity. In remote future, the society may be more open-minded. The quality of people must be more high, the technology of informant will be more miraculous. The dividing of three levels may to be denied possibly.
The second case
In the academic monograph. " professor Bao has provided numerous enlightening examples to meet this goal." But, it is not enough yet. People want more vivid examples, the real swards and spears -- the real thing. "kill a pig." In the fall of 1990, I had the chance to do case in institute of mechanics, Chinese academia Since. This case got the good comment of the director Xue, Ming-Inn and the president Chou, Guan-Zhao as well. Beginning from summer, 1993, I did the second bigger case co-op with the Shanghai institute for science of sciences. This project is the "follow the track of " research of 58 institutes reforming in Shanghai. The stress is on the financial issue of industrializing of science and technology. The comment to this case has been good also. The following is the scores for nine financial canals of experts and mass respectively and the final standard score ( ).
O, the first line of the table list the real surveying values ( use "2*7 measurement"), the second line list the transform values for hundred mark system. The surveying were conducted separately as "southwest region group" and "northeast region group". And the results were largely identical but with minor differences as imargined. The above table lists the total results for two groups. The vater are the directors of institutes. Totally are 43. The standard deviation is near 17%.
M, the first line of the table list the real surveying values. The second line list the transform values of M. The expert system includes 10 experts, such as the institute's originally engaged senior specialist, five from all. And we specially invite another five experts in the fields of finance, monetary, tax. In summary, they are the leader of Shanghai people's congress, the leader of Shanghai Academia of social sciences. The leader of people's bank, the leader of University's Institute for economics and The assistant president of university. But, they are not the leader of contemporary government. They commonly have the title of researcher and professor. The scores standard deviation of them are comparatively later than the mass's (as mentioned above.)
The objective functions of decision making = (M,O) and = (M,O), we frequently use the as the degenerate (from 2 dimensions to 1 dimension), the "OM standard score".
The results analysis : double sieve
If the opinion of expert system and the opinion of mass is always coincident, the three in one decision making will make the trouble to do tat. The normal is "largely identical but with minor difference." The widely divergent is seldom to appear. Now, the first choices scheme for experts and mass are both scheme 1 : The "bank for science and technology. The second choices for them are different. The mass take a fancy to scheme 8 (old-age pension loan). But, the experts hold great carefully. It is again coincident down. That is the scheme 3 and 7. In brief. This survey is normal.
The six schemes, e.g. The 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, have been rejected. The reason is zero score. At the same time, the deviation of expert is larger or near the critical convergent value 30%. The value of M is larger than , 4 even near 1.8 - 2. In sum, from the both sides, it is nearly the marginal.
Two schemes are accepted, the scheme 1 (bank for science and technology) is the sub-optimal, score 85. The scheme 3 (The cut-down allocation of institutes operating expenses for long), is not bad, scored 62. The scheme 7 (foreign capital), score 41, is the bad score 41. But, it is the contemporary sensitive "bleach horse".
Mere the divergent of experts is quite big. It is nearly marginal as 30%. One of experts gives the score 30. Another expert gives the score 50, and wrote:" bad way. The Chinese brains are used by foreigners." It is, thus clear, that two experts have seen the effects of negative.
Triple integrate decision making reflects the "listen to both sides" of decision maker. Because of the expert consulting and the mass consulting have been done separately. Therefore, the schemes have to pass the double sieve. Mere, the six schemes have not pass the sieve. From the data of table. It is clear that each sieve gives about score 60, the pass score. The most obvious example: the scheme 5 and 6. But the product of 60 multiple 60 is zero, therefore, this is a "non-linear double sieve.'
Social mathematics
Except the "individual" mathematics of individual mathematicians. We may advance the 'social" mathematics for the social thinking operation. There are very rich, colorful and interesting.
The 'society" know the mathematics very few, so backward, in brief, may name "only know the integer, do not know the fraction", "only know real, do not know complex," "only know the linear, do not know the non-linear."
Seeking the course in history, the Chinese communist party central decision making level in those days to star the "cultural revolution." Some persons raise their hands to agree. It is "one vote.' But have you thought about that some person's vote are "to be of two minds" and "to be agitated." What is the real content? AT those days, it would also be considered as "integer vote." -- total accept. Is it the "only know the integer, do not know the fraction." After the beginning of "reform and open" period. The democracy has developed.
"Only know the linear, do not know the non-linear.' For example: " the more the people are, the easier they make the job." "The more the courage people have, the more the crop is." It is correct within certain range. The spring is proportional to be stretched within certain range. It appears linear. If it is stretched for ever, it should never be linear. The 21st century, the century people names as non-linear science century. At that time, the basic theory for build buildings is still the elastic theory (for the elastic material). Therefore, the non-linear phenomenon perhaps mainly reflects on the field of social sciences. "Water flows down, people go up." "Arm bends always to inner." "People concern face-saving, officer has his high horse, organization has its departmental selfishness" "good things go not very far, bad news propagate thousands miles far away." etc. Sounders (one of the founder of catastrophe theory) said, "it is easy to suppose" those mathematics is such a local discipline, the mathematician is such a rational man, then, every great progress must at moment to be admired by mathematician circle. Any new things which haven't got that must be not valuable If we only roughly have a reviews of history of math, it will not be absolutely.' So, the mathematician is always the "limit rational."
0.6 * 0.6 =? In the simple process. It equal still 0.6; In the calculating qualified product of up and below procedure in assemble line of industrial society. The result is 0.36 now, we have the third calculation: " 0.6 * 0.6 equals zero."
This reflects the insatiable and uncertain of a multi joint chain, or so-called a long night is fraught with dreams. it must pay the cost of risk of uncertain. And this is non-linearly coupled with people's mind. The readers may notice: in semi-matrix, if O equals 1/3, 1 -O =2/3, or the 2.3 majority 9 not the simple majority). The thing with uncertain than will be passed (nearly the score of 60). Or equivalently, if such things have the resistance more than 1/3, the things will not be passed.
Marvelous non-linear:" The wisdom of three cobblers exceeds that of the wisest individual" but also "three dis cooperative Buddhist monks haven't water to drink." The things above mentioned is : the upper level and the bottom (mass) both are not enthusiastic. They both wait and see. The things then can not be promoted. Such, the famous saying of Mao, Zedong is: "not to grasp firmly is not to grasp at all.'
In spring of 1990, the vice president Xia of Shanghai academia of social sciences told to me: please explain your theory to use (the presidents) but never use mathematics. Four years after, according to this second case, it is possible to explain to him by using very simple version: ' two score 60 multiplied equals zero." Then he answers:' your theory K.O.M some meaning in it/" This is the bright point of this theory.
The comment for this method
K.O.M set up a general framework. So, it is a theory. At the same time, it is a method. We may use this method to survey. Its advantages are as follows:
(1) many. 9 schemes can be deal with simultaneously. And the results are rich and detailed. The normal meeting can not e like that. It must be at a loss.
(2) quick. Counter-aided data processing is very quick. We may even make a vote machine with key board.
(3) good. The quality of data is good. The results are clear. The non-linear double sieve reflects the original true features of things.
(4) Time saving. It may save some meetings. And the mail surveying may then be used.
Therefore, it is the new weapon for large scale information processing. The preconditions are : open minded leader, the active participating of mass, high quality of operator. And the issue must should be important and controversial. And it need the computer to calculate.
Outline of Theory K.O.M
We give the outline of theory K.O.M in the later part of introduction. Then we transit to the first section: scientific theory.
Triple integration, or three in one, means leader, expert and mass make the combination. Decision making, the meaning of it is very clear according to American Noblest H.A. Simon famous sayings: "management is decision making." Optimization, the classification for optimal solutions, sub-optimal solutions, not bad solutions and bad solutions from all of schemes.
The matter seems to be familiar. The Mao Zedong thought has earlier the saying of "the mass line: from mass to mass." Tater it has the "An Shan Steet and Iron Co. constitution of the leadership of party committee. technicians and worker triple combination." The managerial decision making of Japan, the east neighbor of Chian, is quite famous. Its feature is "the decision making on the base of unity of opinions.' The methods of this is "up and down several times carefully to make decision." The K.O.M. as quantitatively operational theory, it can not be mentioned is same breath with above.
Nowadays, the begin academic circle have discussed the complex system, including the social system. They have noticed the main feature is its of levels. The decision making need to be three in one combined, this should not have the dissent. In K.O.M modeling, we introduce a isostructural of natural science so as to realize "from statistical mechanics to thermodynamics.' But, the preconditions of three levels indicates that it is never the "reduction theory."
The decision making, is the information processing. People are the processor. The behavior of plasticine is infinite, continuos but not arbitrary. There is constraints of conservative of volume.
For the decision making behaviors, we need also seek the original aim or stand, from which the changing of ten thousand times without departing. This is to seek a series of constraints of conservative laws. one category of constraints are natural science's. For example, the man as computer initiative, has also the constraints of constant operational speed and constant storage. "being carried away by emotion, or warning somebody of the consequence, anyhow, you can speak certain number of words in one hour:' Another category is social and cultural. In fact, it consider the conventional of social tradition. Besides above two categories of "strict constrains, there are some approximate "linear constraints." And this reflects the feature of technological science of K.O.M. The linear approach is: before rationally understanding the earth is round, the conception of "ground-plane" must necessarily be. And at the same time, it is useful approximately within certain range. In summary, K.O.M considers not the 'abstract man" but the "real man", who has emotions and limit rations, and the physic-psychological, soci-psycholoical and cognitive-psychological restraints.
Proper creatively put forward the world 1, world 2, and the world 3, and the world 2 is the medium from world 3 to world 1. K.O.M lists the restraint equations (11 -12) on world 2. The subject is the elements of world 3. It form is universal non-linear mathematical programming. Here we can basically say, it pay much attention to macro, secondary control based on the first marketing control. After the reduction of dimensions, the K.O.M transfer every managerial behavior into three dimensional continuos system. H.A. Simon once indicated, the optimization problem once has been arranged adequately and suitably. It will become the standard mathematical probe. The problem of maximizing with objective constraints is such that we have just manage to be the new "natural law" (or, the soft science may strive for the quasi-natural science).
We must accept the historical form of pore operation. Or frankly say, the development of science rational exist in power. Thus, the optimization of decision making is the operator's suggestion to leader after he did the two dimensional consulting of excepts and mass. K.O.M. then transfers the decision making problem into complex function. And the two dimensional structure just is the emotion feeling and the reasoning (Chines ancient philosopher Zhu, Xi, Song dynasty, had put forward the heavenly principles and the Human passions, but he didn't know their mathematical structure, decides, he went to extremely end.) This structure indicates the relation of science and democracy, science and culture reasonable and feasible and the information wave and energy discipative flow. This structure oversteps the difference of capitalism and socialism. But, it has greatly influenced by culture quantitatively.
Section 1 Scientific theory
Chapter 1 Non-Liner Mathematical Programming
What is the managerial behavior?
Price and value of commodity, "drop apple," time-space coupling; mass and energy transfer, electromagnetic save and light quantum. The basic logic and framework of science is always very brief and highlight.
Managerial behavior is same without exception.
"Please you two to go upstairs to take a desk for me!" This is the simplest behavioral process. There are yet three kinds of element for any behavior:
(1) Technical skill. Capable or not to move a desk?
(2) The brightness of circumstance. It relates to insight skill or conceptual skill. If the circumstance is absolute bright, then the efficiency to take desk should be 1. if there is absolute dark, in the case of infinite room and very tiny thing. The efficiency then approaches to zero.
(3) The factor of co-op. It relates to human skill. if the desk is hearty-at-one-end. Then the two persons may contend to heavy end. or may contend to avoid. Both may be locked for ill co-op.
There are two factors for managerial behave or except the technical factor in all three factors above. The one is the external circumstance factor and the another is the inner system discpative factor. Now we add the third, the intelligence of leader in charge. Intelligence is not the knowledge. It is more than knowledge. It is the deep understanding. The leader who has the deep understanding for his tow subordinate previous look after so as to avoid the embarrassing.
The intelligence of leader in charge need be defined as the capability to discover the potentiality of information. We write down as K.
We use a parameter M to describe the brightness of circumstance,
M = V/ [a]
in which, V is the speed of behavior, or action speed, [a] is the external necessary information speed. So here we deal with comparison. If there is brilliantly illuminated upstairs and downstairs, and [a]= then M=0. It is the absolute bright circumstance, no difficult exist. If we turn on the lights one by one while we o upstairs eventually to inner room. At this condition, M =1, the action speed and the information speed are at the equilibrium. This is the so-called critical state. If the circumstance is absolute dark that you can not see your hand in front of you, the [a]=0, M= , if the room is infinite large, the thin you want to take is infinite tiny. The efficiency then approach zero. it is likely that fish a needle out of the ocean. In the range 1 The causes of discipative are the conflict of benefits and misunderstand. So, this is the conception of cultural and values.
3, a lovely number
We consider the managerial behavior as three dimensions, namely, the M dimension, the O dimension and the K dimension. The triple integration decision making optimization implies to integrate the systematic rational understanding of experts and the classified feelings of mass and the long time formed to dealing with importance and urgency of leaders.
In [ ], I have cite a research result. It lists 50 parameter for the intelligent and non-intelligent factors of human beings. In other words it lists the intrinsic intelligent factor k as 25 parameters and the external factor T as 25 parameters as well. But, the main framework is three dimensions. theory it can be multiplied and derived.
3, is the smallest of the prime numbers except 1. People know the simplest stable shape is triangle. 3, is lovely number. Mistrocialkly in sceikhdom the chief of a tribe is a man of his word. Common people are like dirt. The dimension of this society is one. The structure then gradually evaluated. The King has his officials for him to consult. In the fundal society there are King, military governor, relatives of the King, enthusatimcs, civil officials and so on. The bureaucrats shield one another. Specially in the ending time of each dynasty. The structure has evolved to bi-ples. The bi-poles is not stable. It is easy to vibrant. It is possibly to be the three dimension structure as the society evolves.
From 2 to 3, the structure has evolved. Social division of labor that is the meaning of evolution. The arms and legs of ape is one dimension. From ape to man, arms and legs divide the labor. The number of dimension increases. It is 4 after the 3. The 4 is the same constitutive. 5 and more is the multi-poles and is not simple and clear as 3. For the infinity . It implies the whole people vote. It is impossible for the information technology know. Eventually, the number 3 is the lovely number.
Comrade Deng, Xiao ping said:" fully to develop the democracy, to ensure whole people practically to enjoy managing the country especially the local political power and enterprises and causes.'
It seems to be that the triple integrate decision making is a better choice for scientific and democratic decision making.
Plasticine- Restrains and dimensional degeneration
The managerial behavior is three dimensional as mentioned above. If we take more parameters considering in more detail. The number of dimensions must increase. If we take more restrains, the number of dimensions must decrease as contrasted with.
The set of plasticine behavior is infinite and continuous but never arbitrary. The set of plasticine behavior must meet a conservative law of constant volume. Therefore, not expanded plasticine has the dimensions less than one compared with some kind of imaginative capable to be expanded plasticine.
The set of managerial behavior is also infinite and continuous but never arbitrary. We need sufficiently consider different factors and list all of important restraint conditions. Let degenerate the dimensions. And eventually to get three dimensions. Isn't it good?
There are the words now in China as :" getting into the sea." There were the popular words in hand in 50s and 60s as:" going up to the sky." "Fish is swimming in the wide sea, bird is flying in the blue sky." Both sky and sea are the three dimensions.
Enterpriser, scholar, officer and everybody are the steersmen of their own ship. In the "ten year's cultural revolution." There was popular sang of "dependent up steersman for sailing into sea." This is the emotional coloring of central planned economy of that period. In the years of marketing economy of socialism. Everybody should are as well as steers. Everybody writes his own history. In the numerous, complicated and transient information times, everybody should have alert and resourceful of flying dish shooter. The marketing economy of socialism has liberated the productivity and therefore asked everybody more!
4. Non-Linear Mathematical Programming
H.A. Simon said:" management is doing decision making." The next sentence need to be : decision making is information processing. Where information comes from? It comes from material world (popper's "world "). And it comes from knowledge, the product of human being's spiritual (popper's "world 3").the books are put on the shelves of libraries. Thus, it is also "world 1"). Where the information is to be processed? The human brain is therefore the processor, and this is the popper's "world 2". We set up the equations on the human being brain.
In order to et taking the measure of information we can only take the reduction or differentiation way. A sentence may be composite with 10 words averagely. The sentence should be consider to a particle or an element. To describe a broken line only need some "elements." To describe a curve perhaps need hundreds of such "particle." if he says: somebody is honest and kind, there should be a story in the meaning of deduction.
The process of thinking turns out to be the mechanism of collision or choice of these partial in brain. But, it is not enough to say differentiation. If should say classification and transition to add. The first classification is total useful for contemporary process. That is "potential energy" likely. The potential energy may totally transfer to mechanical work. For example, the telephone number before you use it. In brief, there are three different kinds of information elements. The first consists of "previously applied information." It is the kinetic energy likely. The second consists of "information not yet applied but having imminent potential application" as mentioned above. The third consists of "latent" information. i.e., external information at hand, available but neither used in the immediate past nor necessarily to be used in the near future. It is the heat energy likely. The heat can not transfer to mechanical work totally. Therefore, the third category information is the possible useful or the possible not useful knowledge. That "Kenya is a country of East Africa" is information that usually belongs to the third category as far as the visiting scholar performing some natural science research in the US would be concerned.
After the call, the category of telephone number has changed. From US to Africa, the category of knowledge of Africa geography has changed also. The information storage of brain frequently changes from internal to external or vice versa, imitating the computer operation. Usually you only keep one item of internal information element: the telephone number book is the drawer. Immediately before the phone call, you make the shift from the external storage to internal storage: you open the book to read.
Listen whole restraints of 11 -12, we got mathematical equations. This is a mathematical programming. It is to seek the maximum of objective function (here is ) under the restraints of equalities and inequalities. It is named non-linear mathematical programming for its non-linearity.
This equations is the core of the theory K.O.M. There is detailed deduction in [ ]. We only give some explanations in this popular book. It is likely the freehand brushwood in traditional Chinese painting.
First of all, there are two equations. The first equations describe the information wave. It gives the solution of "efficiency will decrease some according to what shortage of information is." According to experience, we basically bright the curve approaches. We therefore name the information wave as "single-wood bride function." The first equations describe the rational cognitive process. The man who is familiar with the aerodynamics, understand that is a shock wave equations as same form. This is not curious. It is because that the theoretical thinking is the collision behavior of information elements (or particle). The free choice mechanism. The power can not control it. Therefore, this is the behavior of fans. it is not the behavior of solid. The solid like metal, the atoms vibrate at the crystal lattices with tiny amplitude. Therefore, the solid is quite rigid. Besides, the behavior of thinking is not likely the "liquid behavior." The liquid acts much more freely than the solid does. it can easily slide each other. but it does not free as gas is. you sit in the living room. As soon as the fish is been frying in the kitchen, you know at moment. mainly, there is water not air to fulfill the space of rooms. You will not so quickly know.
"How many shortage of information, how many the decrease of efficiency then is." it must be under the meaning of statistical. The first equations is the "shock-wave equations." It is complete equal mathematically to rational thinking. Therefore, we do not need to do the statistic. The air has done it yet. The air is free and soft. But it has a little elastic. In a small volume of space. Its pressure will increase gas of more air moving into. Then, they push their "neighbor" at moment. According to the general the second Newton's law. Some molecule will move into the neighbor's room under the pushing of pressure. And because of inertia. They rush over. The original room then has a little bit of vacuum. Thereby, some air will move into this room in original direction again. The above describing in the propagating of small disturbance in air. And that is the sonic wave. For a certain medium, the speed of sonic wave is constant (for example, in air , at 15 C and sea level, the speed is 340 meter/second.) this is its characteristics of inmate. If aircraft flies supersonicly, its speed more than the speed of propagating of pressure disequilbrium -- sonic speed. The aircraft does not inform the air ahead of it in advance. The aircraft dashes into. So it should pay the cost. This is similar to that "a thing" is moving supersonically in circumstance. It is the same thing. A thing has the reason in it. So there is a 'learning of reasonable." If you are not turning on the lights on by one while you o upstairs, if you turn on the light slower a little than you willing, it is difficult to avoid the stumble or stagger along. The reform and the research word are all progressing under the circumstance with information shortage. There by they are also the supersonic flying.
The first equations deal with the rational thinking. So it describe the behavior of experts. The director of a research institute is a leader as well as a expert. Moreover, some persons with lower level are also can be listed in the expert system adroitly guide according to different cases. Thus, the fourth equation of the first equations perhaps is the leading role. It is because that describe the experts. Here, the is the knowledge, (K-1) is the intelligence, T is the intensity of his activity, or as the level of persuasiveness or inspirational intensity of work. Thereafter, this equation is to say: the driving force is proportional to knowledge, intelligence and intensity of activity. And thus, it is coincident with so-called Chinese slogan is 50s: "be red and expert" or in 80s "revolutionize, younger, knowledgeable, and professionals.' This equation is a linear equation. This equation is correspond to constitutive equation in physics. In Chinese, constitutive means basic structure.
This lay has five characters. in order to be full of sound and color, vivid and dramatic. They should be mutual better co-op. So, the above mentioned is not necessarily named as leading role. Now, we mention the second equation. This is the equation of momentum. Such is, the change of move is proportional to the force. The reader then understand that it is the second law of Newton. But, this is the basic mathematical instead of basic physical. Prof. Smith, has wide knowledge, be expert in the project, enthusiastic and energetic. So he has big driving force. According to this equation, the more the driving forces, the more the speed of project moving, they are proportional. And this argument is therefore the same as "the curve may always approach with the tangent in the small vicinity near by that point." So, that is the generality of linear approach of math. This equation is related to basic math and physics. She is uncommon!
Then we look the first equation. this is the mass conservative equation. This equation is the restriction to finite densities of information. Also, this equation correspond to that speed conservative of brain compare to the imitation of computer operation. The computer speed, 5000/sec for today, is impossible 100,000,000/sec tomorrow.
The news published in "Shanghai youth newspaper" Nov. 30, 1993 said:" super man bay is unimaginably queer." a baby named Loharvere was born on moon, 2 years old, he can lift 200 Lbs, run 1 mile within 10 seconds, just over the lorry and so forth. But you were born on earth, so you can not be Loharvere at some day morning. you are man today, you can not be a superman tomorrow!
Then we look the third equation. It is the "energy conservative equation.' Its meaning is "being carried away by emotion, or warning somebody of the consequences, anyhow, you can speak certain number of words in one hour." The first equation corresponds to computer operational speed is conservative. This equation corresponds to computer storage totally conservative constant. In totally five equations, this one plays important role. It consider the same side of kinetic energy likely, potential energy likely and internal energy likely information elements. In fact, some information is possibly useful and possibly useless as well, some information is overtones or implication. But for a sensitive man, these can have the use of widespread connecting in the mind. Just as this is making the function of information wave, e.g. the "single--wood bride function" approach near the critical bright (threshold value M=1). and is not making the sharply down. There is all is quiet and still. There is pitch dark at night. But, just a little beyond this threshold. The mother has special sensation for her baby's crying. The photographer has special sensation for glimpse of mysterious "night owl." etc. The things have general connections and the people have different K of their own.
Beyond the four equations, there is a entropy inequality. hundreds of millions people understand the meaning of entropy today. It has some different in form but equal descriptions like: "only having observed the diffusion of a drop of ink in water; never having observed the already diffused ink in water concentrated together again." "the chimney gas temperature is impossibility higher than atmospheric temperature, the refrigerator produces the cold internal and the heat external as well." "the dad man never can be resurrection, because the real time for it is 1043 years statistically." The precondition of entropy inequality is the energy isolated. The thing of theory K.O.M is belong to information open and energy closed. In [ ] give the fulfill proven. We only give the explanation here. In case of soldier's march the speed of energy flow is indicated by pace speed. And the speed of information wave is indicated by sonic speed. They are comparative 200 times. Thus, the energy reader may draw inferences about other cases from one instance. The exchange of information between two countries. Some should have costs, some haven't. But the trade are exchange of equal values. The intellectual property like patent should have the value. In brief, there is the difference between the flow and the wave. The flow indicates the energy the wave is the tiny energy. They are different and same as well.
Three conservative laws, one constitutive equation, and one inequality. They are the basic mathematical law and law of physical and statistics. They formulate the shock wave of aerodynamics. Further, the setback caused by shortage of information in gray circumstance must not mechanical like the shock wave of aerodynamics. Why? there is the factor of human. As mentioned above. The sound of baby crying is so light that people can not detect it except his mother. It is because his mother has the special intelligence K for this process. The intelligence is just for uncertainty. Intelligence and knowledge are different and same as well. High score means high capability. High score also may be lower capability. For the certainty, the intelligence is meaningless. If teacher tests the students, says: what happens when I have a free hand which previously holds the chalk? Everybody knows the certainty. Thus, it can not to distinguish their intelligence. it is only one curve for the mechanical aerodynamics shock wave. But for the managerial behavior. The information wave curves form a cluster with the parameter of K. They concentrate in the point of certainty M =1, =1. They spread out along with the increase of M. They like the pony tail.
M=2 means the half information, and the war is that please guess the color of a piece of weiqi ( a kind of Chinese chess) which is holder in my hand. Is black? or white? It is the typical gamble with the win ration of 0.5. It is the M=2. So that, especially for the period of peace, the M<=2 almost can cover the all processes in gray circumstance for ordinary reasonable persons. Then, we look the cluster as one curve for ignoring the difference of experts intelligence's, and it only brings to less than 10% error in case of M<=1.8 - 2. This conclusion can be proven mathematically. And, the 10% is also the approximate range of error for theory K.O.M.
Then we do not measure the intelligence of expert in the concrete. The intelligence of lead has transformed to (x1,x2) see the second equations. It is usually not to measure in the concrete also, see the flowing chapter 2. In brief, we do not take operation for the intelligence for expert and for leader as well. It is 50 - called the self- similar or self - modeling. The, we degenerate the three dimensions of K.O.M to two dimensions (K is as a constant, usually K=1.4). Practically, since we take the average value of opinion of a group of experts, so we ignore the difference of value of K individually. And in order to respect the historical inertia of the leadership is suggestion power's operation, the consultant for.
There are the discipative O and the viewpoint (x1, x2) in second equations. They correspond the mass and the leader respectively. The discipative is caused by the conflicting of benefit among people and the misunderstanding and the difference to understand the values. Therefore, it is a discount for the standard rational viewpoint, it is the long time integrated experience of leader for the equilibrate the importance and urgency. (The equilibrium of and ). This is the leader so wiser than the expert. It is because the leader can see the overall situation. It is also a correction. So, the second equations make the first equations to be more precise through these two kinds of correction. The two equations are "loosely coupled," and the first equations can be solved first. Then we adjust it. This way, we may say it is lucky.
"Loosely coupled" can be illustrated for example. If you two pay visit to pro. O'connor. the one (as expert) who is in the know said. 70% he is not in home. The time must be waste. This is the loss of risk. It is usually sudden and unexpected. Besides, you two may quarrel and hesitate on the way to. For example to debate on wording. This is another count. Distributed frictional loss and the unexpectable sudden "wave loss" then can be added.
In the second equations, the first is the definition of friction loss. It will be explained more detail in 8 this chapter. We just say here that the friction loss it self is coupled. The risk and friction are coupled. The loss expresses as OM2. It means that if Prof. O'Connor certainly is home you may hesitate and the uncertain home or not must increase the quarrel. The second formula to forth formula have been explained yet. The fifth formula, it is only need to indicate M=V/[a], that means M is proportional to V. Reader can understand therefore, the sixth formula is the objective function for decision making. The leader adjust the benefit and the long time effect efficiency by using the Indies (x1, x2).
The two equations are loosely coupled. This is very luck. In the first equation, it is to be listed the natural science restraints including physic-psychological restraint. It is the natural science. The second equations include the socio-psychological restraint. This is the social science. In summary, the whole two equations are interscience. Cognitive psychology deals will whole thing, it is philosophy likely. To use one equations to set up the mathematical relations in many factors of natural science and social science is to construct a bridge between them.
In first equations, there are two "linear assumption." In second equations, there are also two "linear assumption." But, the solution of whole equations is non-linear. For a popular analogy, some liners are at second floor, some are at third floor, so the final integrating result is non-linear. The K.O.M is diagram of linear non-equilibrium final state in the very vicinal of equilibrium. It is because that this can be used up to M<=1.8 - 2. Thus, we can say that it provides the whole diagram of vicinal of equilibrium of progressive evolution.
5. Objective function of decision making
In second equations, there are also some constrains. We ignore the detailed deduction. Formally, they are four definition formulas as follows:
here, the means the external result of a thing or a case. The count unit, may be $. is respectively the capital, the labor and the intensity of activity. has the same counting unit. So is dimensionless intrinsic and comparative effect. In fact, this is the productivity of all factors, which is frequently be used by world bank.
The following measures are all dimensionless and intrinsic or called similarity parameter. The length of one side of a triangle is measured by centimeter. But its inner angle has not the dimension. Just the dimensionless intrinsic measures are much substantial. Because they decide the triangles is sharp or blunt.
is the objective function of decision making; is the benefit or effectiveness or performance; is the efficiency the suffix 2 indicates under the meaning of the second law of thermodynamics. and are independent each other. In simple words: "be good the horse" "be less it eats". For the objective function of decision making, we need synthesis them. Here we accept the index weighted. The coupled number (x1,x2) is the plane complex.
In the final formula. The efficiency counts both of risk efficiency and the inner discipative loss .
The four equalities are very symmetric. They analyze problem layer upon layer. There is always 'one divides into two" in each level. In the inner core level, there are also the risk and the discipative two factors.
The so called the structure of managerial behavior. That is the structure of the risk and discipative concretely. This is also the structure of information wave and energy flow, the structure of science and democracy, the scientific and artistry, the rational and limited rations, fair and reasonable. These two are "loosely coupled" in one side, e.g. the is the function of M only (or K, but not O). It can be solved independently. But in other side , the energy discipative is not "loosely coupled" for M and O. In summary, risk and discipative is simple in conception, but complex in the count.
6 and (x1,x2)
"Time flies like a arrow." That is the world outlook basically, it reveals the irreversible of thing, the tendency of evolution, the non-symmetric and therefore the non-linear sufficiently.
The under the meaning of the second law of thermodynamics is just the another saying of above.
A boiler, we first assume a adequate air excessive coefficient, then we can calculate the furnace temperature (for example, 1300 C) by means of the equation of combustion of coal. Therefore, we have calculated the thermo-efficiency by means of the calculating chimney temperature. The chimney temperature is impossibly lower than the atmospheric temperature according to the second law of thermodynamics.
If the chimney exhaust temperature is equal to atmospheric temperature Ta (15 C). Then
If the chimney exhaust temperature is 150 c, then
if the cupola furnace exhaust temperature is 350 c, then
The process is reversible and perfect, it =1. The example of such process: a person has lived some certain days, but the days are not be counted in life-span. He is never getting old a little. So, this is the limit of perfect, the standard of cosmic.
For a product, there is the local city level or city standard or the national standard and international standard. Theory K.O.M provides the cosmic standard as mentioned above. We put the score of case in which K is ordinary, 1/M=70% and O=0., equal 0.75 according to cosmic standard.
If we give a punch to hammering block, this process is elastic and reversible. Along with the time passing the mark disappears. Therefore, the hammering block does not bear a grudge! But, the case is different like that we mind the metal wire. If ten windings must result in breaking off. Then one more widing must result in one less life. However, the natural science law is comparative simple yet. It is much more complicated for the case of people involving. Some people are narrow minded, other people are bread minded. The husband and the wife usually are 'not bearing a grudge more than one night." Therefore, the smart person does not pay serious attention to their quarrel. He may try to stop it a little.
(x1,x2) is a complex. It provides the angle direction in plane in order to adjust the weight of . People want the horse to be better and to eat less. How much you consider the weight of later? This issue is to be left to leader.
Next chapter, we introduce the golden law in psychology -- the limitation of short time memory, and then the seven divided operational of feelings. Thus, (x1, x2) is also can be operated by seven divided as follows.
Here, viewpoint (1,0) is "only count benefit, don't care the efficiency.' But, because = , the efficiency is already counted once time. So, we usually consider this viewpoint as normal.
The viewpoint (1,1) is much tolerable. It corresponds to Chinese slogan "achievements in scientific qualified scientists in academic fields." In Deng-Sizo Ping selected works, there is a saying, the above mentioned "spirit is generally suitable for all departments and units with the intellectuals working in." In summary, such viewpoint is tolerable, "water fish!", give the matter further thought.
The viewpoint (0,1) is conservative. "No fault, no merit" "trilliums to pander to backward."
7 Single-wood bridge function
Risk efficiency counts the risk loss. It is the solution of the first equations of this non-linear mathematical programming. Some equipment's turn into trash iron because of the research project has abandoned midway. Why? because of not precise of information. This is the loss. But, 'dealing does not work, human felling remains." We should count it correctly. The reader who is familiar with fluid dynamics may know, the here is the total pressure recover coefficient, as follows. From the figure, we see this is a double stable state transition function. From the stable state =1 (M<=1) transits to another stable state . We name it as "single-wood bridge function" considering the approach character of this function. Why? in the serial of "single-wood bridge" with different width, the very wide and the very narrows are also not sensitive to width.
This figure is for special K. If the value of K is getting larger, the curve will be higher. The performance will be better. But in the vicinity of certainty of M=1, =1. The curves are not already to scatter away from. Therefore, in the range of low-risk decision making. The K is not sensitive.
8 jealous function
The efficiency fall caused by inner discipative is the loss of discipative. We name the correspondent: jealous function. The name is distinctive but never something negative.
The jealous function expresses the energy loss: M, M is the product of OM and M. So, the OM is the frictional force. It multiplied by M (M represents the speed, the dimensionless speed) equals OM. That is the frictional power.
In fact, the relation among people the psychological distance is changeable not like the distance between two points in rigid solid. There is the friction among people caused by the differences of culture background and values, by conflict of benefits and misunderstanding. The psychological distance changes with the circumstance evolved. It is likely the distance of two particles in oil.
The frictional force is proportional to O as mentioned above. It is decided mainly by cultural background and values and is different individually. It is also decided of movement. For example, two classmates after the graduation, one get the title of engineer, another at the same time correspondingly as a lecture. They should not be jealous indeed. If another one at the same time get the position of state minister, the situation will be greatly different. They must have the different taste.
In the vicinity of equilibrium, we reasonably accept the linear assumption. Thus, the frictional force is proportional to M. And eventually, the frictional energy is .
From natural science, it is the simulation with oil (Newton's viscosity) to the relation of people. The distance of people is slippery and moving. This is the one side meaning. Another, the benefit of people is conflict. There is the situation of "you achieve your ambition, I may loss." The competition and the contradiction. Obviously, you may try to find other better position. So, the restraint is not so hard, but it is a little. Therefore, it leads to "the liquid behavior." As contrasted with that, the rational thinking of human being is free. So, it is the "gas behavior." It is the collision-choice mechanism.
Function is the monotonous by increasing of M. And it is not limited function. But, the "single-wood bridge function is limited function. It is the transitional function between 0 and 1. These two function are the basic dimensional functions, the fundamental functions. They play the important role in the process of management. They are full of sound and color, vivid and dramatic.
Chapter 2 Non-Symmetric Triangle
This chapter discusses the operational principal. First, we discuss the physio-psycholoy.
1 7, Another lovely number
George, miller published a paper named (a triangle number: seven, plus or minus two), 1956. He indicated, at arbitrary moment the limitation of short time memory is 7 +- 2 conception trunk. This low of short time memory for psychology can be called a golden law. It is part of natural science. Then it fits any people as living beings. It is one of construct of theory K.O.M.
Our life experience support this law. It is necessary to have a shopping list in case of much more diverse goods.
5 = 7-2. It is the lower number of (7+-2). It is the much popular from of the questionnaire. 8=7+1. It is the exaggeration of 7. There are Chinese proverb "smooth and slick on four sides and eight directions." A P.R expert, for example a young miss, she is shaking hands width somebody, at the same time, giving a hint with the eyes to another, talking with Bill, felling the smooth of floor board, smelling the fragrance of the perfume, and looking for the pearls and jewels. She may receive much information and then forms the "conception trunk." But, she can only operate at moment" >+-2 conception trunk.
Chinese saying: eight directions but never nine even sixteen. This is coincident with 7+_2. The Chinese culture is strong for thinking in images and experience induction. That is it.
10>9=7+2. Therefore, we understand the Mao, Zedong saying "you can not use ten fingers to press ten fleas." So, the words "concentrate the forces to make wipe-out campaign." You can understand from the comparison of external forces but also from the intrinsic psychological level of information processing. One should concentrate his mind, be absorbed in, then can make the things finishing and good.
Theory K.O.M thereafter to be sort out as simple pocket form. It has only 5 -6 conception trunks, e.g. the goal trunk, the externally trunk, and the K the O the M trunk.
The Chinese academia Simica present Chon, Guand-Zhao indicated, 1991, we would never throw some disciplines into so-called the capitalist class false-science, including the psychology, population theory, genetics. There was the 20 years blankness in China for psychology. it makes many people know few.
According to short time memory limit law, I design the "2*7 measurement". This is two time operation, first to decide the positive or negative, then to make the feeling seven-divided, as follows.
here,
4. the original point of coordinate, 4 - 7 is the positive direction, 4 - 1 is the negative direction.
5. "comparative" is
6. "very" is
7. "absolutely" is, "perfectly" is
There are also six insert paint with "0.5s". In summary, there are seven grades both in positive and negative directions.
The number in "2*7 measurement" then can be translated to the value of O, as follows
2*7 measurement O 2*7 measurement
If a friend wants to borrow money from you, you may absolutely accept $1, then choice 7, may choice 6 for $10; may choice 5, for hundreds dollar; for ten thousands, you may close the mouth, hesitate and remain undecided. This is the 4.
If you detect yourself some negative emotion first, then should have to choice the negative direction. For example, the person who wants to borrow money from you are not your true friend. Another case is, he wants to borrow millions, "it is ridiculous," you think.
2 Isosceles Triangle?
M, comes from the freely rational scoring of expert system; O as mentioned above comes from the feeling or emotion divided grades scoring, concretely the "2*7 measurement." Then, the (x1,x2) as the substitutive of K, How to score it?
Like 6 of last chapter mentioned, we may accept the seven divided radios. The leaders collectively score it. In practice, this procedure seldom to be used. Commonly, the first leader of the leader groups makes the decision after the counseling. Another is, to accept the standard viewpoint (1,0), This is , we ignore the cosmic standard. We accept the product with the multiplier of cosmic standard.
Theory K.O.M is as a dynamics. The (x1,x2) is a feeling of timing. The long g time integrated experience of lead, in the final analysis, is the feeling of timing. "Nod approval" and "shake head to refuse" are to decide the important and urgent. In fact, the less important things need to be done late, or slowly doing it. To slow down to the extreme point just not but don't do it. The world is not but the long river of time. The experience of lead steersman is thus the feeling of timing. This experience and feeling is the intelligence of lead. Why should we standardize it? We put the result of M, O these two dimensions in a diagram, in which the abscissa is , the ordinate is . If the leader accepts the (1,0) viewpoint, he will only concerns the value of abscissa of the case which is comment on. He needn't look the ordinate. If the leader accept the (0,1) viewpoint, he will only concerns the value of ordinate; If he keep (1,1) viewpoint, he should concern the distant between the poit and the original point of coordinate.
Thus, the K.O.M procedure is at leader's convenience. The operator submits the two dimension's consultant result to the leader and says:" please do as you like, then he has gone! the procedure like that is necessary. It is to pay respect to existent power and existent power operational procedure. This is the respect of experts and mass to the leaders in triple integrate decision making. This is to pay the respect to history and to the psychological inertia of society. The famous American scientific sociology scholar R.M. Murton said:" the truth exists in power." In one side, this is the truth pay respect to poer. In other side, the reason exist and the controllability exist. if there is always not in keeping with. The things should have to changed. Therefore the control period is longer.
The K.O.M procedure increases the participation of decision making. The scientific rational and the transparency. In brief, it increase the science and democracy. Then it must have contributed to building the honest in performing official duties.
However, this triangle is not the equilateral triangle. Is it the isosceles triangle? From the section three, we can see, the O and the M dimensions are not symmetric according to different situation.
3 The Operator
In theory K.O.M, there is the fourth status of operator besides. The decision maker (leader), expert and mass. The operator is the man who applies the theory K.O.M and designs the questionnaire and does the data processing. He is the consultant for decision maker. He is the soft science worker. In English, the operator is same name as telephone operational man. At the first glance, we consider the phone operator's job is very mechanical. After thinking better of that in the complicated and transient modem information society the person who plays the role of operator (making connection among people) is good enough. It is because that the leaders, experts, and mass have different status. Different knowledge and learning. Thereby their languages are different. Somebody uses the academic even special terms. Somebody's words are sharp, and anther's are implicit. Moreover, somebody's are perfunctory even telling lies. Making understanding and comprehensive all of these and taking into different connector to calculate are not quite easy. Of course, it is needed the wide knowledge, the gifted with a silver tongue, shrewd comprehensive. An also he should be enthusiastic and upright, modest, respectful. So, it is good enough to afford the role of operator.
Marx, Engles pointed out from (Holy families), "the science is the rearranging perceptions by ration method." To be a operator, to responsible to rearrange the all materials, he should be very scientific. There is a case, the weighing of leader's vote is nearly 30,000 yuan, weighing of a expert's vote is nearly 60,000 yuan, weighing of a common person's vote is nearly 2,000 yuan. How much the operator's functioning weighs? In fact, the his functioning can not be divided from leader's.
In May, 1990, via the intruding of the vice mayor of Shanghai Ni, Tian-Zeng, the president of Shanghai society for alumnus of alumna of Qinghua University, who late died young. I met the vice director of Shanghai system reforming office Lou, Ji-Wei (soon back to Beijing, State department). After my describing 15 minutes, he, as young as promising, said :"the general modeling has higher demand to operator." He hit the mark with a single comment.
Chapter 3 K.O.M Magic Cube
The previous two chapters describes the theory and the operational principle. This chapter will list the main multicolored results like a magic cube.
"Magic cube" is a toy for combination playing. The K.O.M is also a magic cube.
The total number for combination is 53=125, in formula, The 3, is the lovely number above mentioned; the 5 is another lovely number 7+-2, the more conservative one.
Therefore, the amount of the difference of perceptible managerial behavior is 125. It is because we commonly only do the two dimensions operation. There are totally 25 in this case. The O is inner discipatitve. Under any circumstance, O=0 is the best, not even at war times, still more the peace period, it can not be done. In the end, the language and word must be vague anyway. It is not likely the figure =3.14159 that clear and certain. In the end, the "arm bends always to inner." Then, the O becomes the quality of system. For a certain O, there is a optimal M (or V), but the total choices of experts are five. So, the subjective handling is possibly suitable or not.
In the semi-matrix (see introduction), we haven't totally accept the perception classified. Then we give totally 45 types. To my understand, 24 types are above the not bad solutions, including 12 types of not bad and sub optimal and the other 12 types are optimal but difficult to reach.
Internal causes are the grounds, external causes are the conditions. If my fix the O, for example, O=0.1, it is the very good quality. Then, it will only be the changing of parameter M. This is the operational characteristic. We name it as 5 behavior modes. In fact, it is easier to understand whole others in case of understanding this. This is a key thereby.
1 Five behavior modes
The five behavior modes are the operational characteristic of system. The operational means moving or running. It means the changing of speed. Engles indicated, "the existent form of matter is the movement." "And the movement is measured by speed. Therefore, using the speed M (M=V/[a] is a dimensionless speed) as the abscissa is very deeply profound. One kind of behavior has been denied after the assessing. It is not but the case of optimal speed should be zero. "An airplane has its optimal cruise speed under the condition of certain distance and minimum fuel spending. We may see this point on the chart.
The O as the inner quality is the parameter of characteristic. The viewpoint (x1,x2) is of course also an another parameter. It makes the abscissa moved a little. Under the certain (x1,x2), if O is divided into five types. There will be five characteristics, thus, one chart can provide 25 types of behavior modes. If (x1,x2) also changes. There will be 125 types totally.
Now, we only fix the viewpoint (1,0) (supplementary to have (1,1) individually), and O is only given 3 types, further more, only for the O=0.1 we give the behavior ranges chart.
M=0, totally bright, belongs to range of "realized."
M=1, critical or marginal bright, under some meaning, it reflects the red print title government document. So, in the vicinity of M=1, at least partly it is reasonable. So, we called it as "safe or reliable" range.
M=1.21, it is the optimal peak value point under the viewpoint (1,1). In practice, O=0.1 belongs to very good quality. It is reasonably capable to get the tip of contemporary popular. So, it does not satisfy to M=1. Another, under the viewpoint (1,0). Mopt=1.41. The viewpoint of (1,1) is softer than (1,0). (1,1) Mopt=1.21. Using these two as a ground, we fix the "moderate or steady" range.
M> Mopt=1.41, belongs to range of "premature advance."
M>1.8, belongs to "recklessly and blindly"
"Red print title government document" should be the reference for the market economy, even socialism market economy. The government document should be the guide. Everybody must advance according to his own pace. Everybody should not and can not advance like a monolithic bloc. If O=0.1, the quality is very good. It is reasonable to get the tip of popular, the optimal speed then will be the Mopt=1.41. Because of quite big difference between M=1.41 and M=1. So, this system is active and vital.
If the O=0.1, the quality is ba, Mopt=1 the difference of M=1 is very small. This will lead to the character of "languid and listless." The another case: if it changes the viewpoint, to viewpoint (1,1), there will be the (1,10 Mopt=0.96<1. It means theoretically that "doing is worse than not doing" for such system. For O=0.1, . Therefore, the marginal increase elasticity of more hard versus more results is 5=1 [(1.05-0.9)/(1-0.97)=5]. Then, its character should be the "languid and listless."
If the O=0.3, the quality is very bad. The optimal peak value of will be at Mopt<1. It means, under the meaning of statistical. This system is backward. It is not popular, it never "row against the flood"
If the O=0.333, the critical. The optimal peak value of will just be at M=Mopt=1. Therefore, the O=0.333 is a critical value in theory K.O.M
This chart lets us remind a famous saying of English:" the eagle may fly poer than the cock, but, the cock can not fly as high as eagle does." Except this words, every Chinese knows the "Zhong Young." It means "the golden man." The main point of it is "going too far is as bad as not going far enough." There is another more, "YiJing," or "the book of changes." It indicates the "Shi Zhong," which means "always keep the precise hit." All of above mentioned, we can see it clearly at one glance.
2 Behavior Structure
We return to the four of "one divided into two" (see chapter 1, 6) Then we understand that the discussing of O,M operational characteristic is a deep structure.
To connect the "four of one divided into two." They embed one after one likely a dragon. Then we do the logarithmic differencication, eventually we got the increase structure.
(1) In my monograph, I discussed from two sides that M=1.8 equivalent M=2 in practice, in case we accept some value of larger than 1.4. So, the meaning of M>1.8 is "doing things in peace period likely in war time. And the is lower than 0.5, .
(2) O=0.1, it correspondly equals "generally win" (under the common condition, or "get the passing score."
From the formula we can see,
In order to increase the effect of an organization, we may : to increase the materialize labor , for example, the introducing of foreign investment, the increasement of agricultural invest. The increasement of labor; K.O.M theory as information processing model. here we mainly deal with the intelligent labor, so is the increasement of amount knowledge of whole employee. For example, the introducing some professional persons to fill the gap, the post training; the deals with the consciousness; deals with the changing leader's viewpoint, for example, the leaders should have right viewpoint, don't be hurry doing things adjust the descendants do, also don't be haring no sense of shame to eat the "descendant's meal"; deals with the introducing some special intelligent talent, is the decrement of inner discipative. For example, to strengthen the communication and comprehension as well as public relations, the is to keep or strengthen the sensitive and alert as well as adaptive for external circumstance.
From all of above mentioned levels, the basic structure is the , the deep structures.
The investment no doubt is important, but the decision of introducing investment is made by people, the introducing investment is made by people. the materialized labor is adjusted by intelligent labor people is the most precious. This is the viewpoint of behavior science. So we stress the importance for decision making science and soft science (these two concepts basically are coincident.)
Wave structure and discipative structure: "Single-wood bridge function" reflects the efficiency of process (minus the wave loss)
to minus "jealous function" from, is the efficiency of process (only the discipative)
The total efficiency
These two structure are the risk and inner discipative; the information flow and the energy discipative flow; science and democracy; scientific and artistry; reasonable and feasible; rational and sensible; rational and limited rational' the operations research and behavior science; abstract man and real man; party spirit, factionalism and individuality; and "heavenly principles and human desire" and "gas behavior and liquid behavior."
In the final analysis. This is the deep two structure. We may explain commonly. First, the times have been changed, from the war times changed to peace times, from planned economy changed to market economy, from the agricultural and industrial society (of force and of energy) changed to post-industrial society or information society. "from the O side, "perform the understanding, perform also the not understanding, and to deepen understanding in the process of performing."-- such rule has been out of date. If the communication has been weakened, the O will increase. From the M side, the inherent value of war time is comparatively big. Then the roughly luck trying is partly reasonable. In information society, the external information is undergoing a myriad chains in the twinkling of an eye, the inner viewpoint is also multifarious. The communicating between external and internal, the adjustment and adaptation are become important and important day by day.
Second, the geographical difference. We have choice and must have to choice, the socialism for China, concerning the context of historical and development of China. The operation of socialism programming put the precondition of to minimum the external risk. Then, the main trouble is in the internal. We should pay enough attention to factor O. Otherwise, things cannot be done better. There is always the trouble, either inside or outside. As the operation of capitalism, for example, the small farming in Easter US husband and wife and a comteperary seasoning employee. They manage some 200 acres. The internal discipative can not to be begin to talk about. They pay much attention to outside risk, as energy cost, the price of product they sale, the climate, and the government subsidy policy.
3 Score Norm With Uncertainty
We commonly use the hundred-mark system. It's the tradition, it following chart, we give the scores of all behavior under the viewpoint of (1,0). It must be the ideal practically, considering the O=0.1, is the better quality, the =1.0672 at M=Mopt=1.41. Therefore, we fit the 1.0672 as score 100. Next, it O=Oc=0.333 M=Mopt=1, =0.667. The score then will be 62.5. For the absolute ideal, will be the highest score =137. Such, we can have whole scores at different circumstance.
If O=Oc=0.333, M=1, there will be . According to above mentioned, from the side, we get . Then, it means, in hundred-mark system we get score 62.5. Now we consider from the side, since the maximum of n equal , then, we get score 44.7, it is still the pass level.
For example, if you book train ticket in campus, there will normally spend two times, one for booking, another for picking ticket. If you don't know that the clerk may out of office at the time a little beyond the rest time, you may take three time totally. Such, the for you is 0.467. In other side, checking with your feeling, you find it is such pass level. That case is with risk but without O.
Another case, with O but without risk. For example, if we need decide the shop will open or not in coming holiday, we may accept the total employee vote. If we get 2/3 majority, we must have the feeling of the level of passing. In sum, there are two score norm: one for 2 dimension's uncertain, another for 1 dimension's uncertain. The chart is as follows.
In chart, the diagonal line is for the absolute clear circumstance, are related by diagonal line. If , it must be score 70 by the . Such case is likely that the pupils are taking examine test of arithmetic. The print of test sheet is clear. The multiplication cable for them is that should know or should be clear. If they do 7 titles correct in total 10 titles, they will get score 70 in hundred -- mark system.
The other curve shaped as a banana. Or we can name it as score norm with uncertainty. It indicates the straightforward line (diagonal line) is just for trouble. But, the score norm with uncertainty is form the both external risk and internal trouble indeed. For M, it is from 1 to 2 for complete; For O, it is from 0 to 0.5 for nearly the complete. In chart, the initiation curve is quit odd. The at the . The error range is perhaps a little larger than in engineering. But, it is still very good considering the difference between real "engineering as natural science and the "engineering" of decision making support system as interscience.
4 Efficiency
From the example of "two persons go upstairs to more the desk" (chapter 1) we can see that there are two kinds of efficiency. The one is under the first thermodynamics law or the meaning of energy conservative. It must determine how many energy spending in moving the desk and also how many work they have done. Such, we take account of technical factors as well. But, for the management behavior, the main factor is not the technical. Therefore, we don't accept the efficiency under the first three modynamics.
The second reason for that is the efficiency under the first thermodynamics is absolute. The more the heat spent, the more the work expected to do. A little time after, people discover the directionality for process. The heat can not totally transfer to work. There is a limit. The account compared to this limit is the relative truth. This is the efficiency under the second thermodynamics law.
In last division, we give the example of pupil doing the arithmetic calculation. if it is for adults, they should do it correctly. Therefore, score 100 for them is not but the pass level. Another example, a man takes a physical examination of color blindness, he makes each choice, gives the right answer, the doctor just say, you have passed jet.
Why the pupil has the pass level as score 60/ It is because, he is the primary learner, he still has some trouble to do calculation. Why you feel the efficiency of 2/3 is the pass level likely in the example of booking ticket (compare to color blindness examination. It may score 100 for pass)? It is because you accept the not stilt office schedule in campus.
For the banana shape score norm with uncertainty. the is the pass level. It is because the general should be facing external risk as well as internal trouble. The enigmatic enemy on one side. The other side, superior friendly force, subordinates, there have to be the feeling wronged, the misunderstanding and the old grudges. The achievements and the errors of thousand years, who comments?
In sum:
Without risk and inner trouble, = is the pass level; with one of risk and inner trouble, =2/3 or =0.6 such so is the pass level, we use the diagonal lien relations; with risk as well as inner trouble, =1/3 is the pass level, we use the banner shape score norm curve to deal with the uncertainty.
5 Same will of the people, the mountain would be moved
"Spme will of the people, the Tai mountain will be moved." This is a Chinese proverb. The so-called same will of the people is M=1 (no deviation of experts) and O=1 (The mass totally to accept the experts opinion.) This is not possible, and is not the ideal (the )
(1) O 0, but a little more than 0, this is the quite ideal.
O=0 it is the very good ideal, according to the table of the function, for M=1.8 (M=1.8 is the same thing of M=2, see , division 1, M=2 means the half information, this is the inherent character for war) It indicates, the system with the best quality of O=0, the character is "be eager to have a try", or e eager to take a gambling with the win rate just a little more than 50%.
(2) M 1, but a little more than 1, this is the better situation. Generally speaking, the function is increasing from M=0 to M=1, unless the O is quite large; and the is still increase in case of
So, if the O is not so larger, the behavior of system will always catch the tendency. It will not be satisfactory inactively doing things according to red print title government document.
The above are the results of theory K.O.M. The contents of "five behavior modes" are very rich.
Famous US management specialist AKOCA said:" quit many managers always hesitate and remain undecided, specially for them who got too much education, you have got 95% information yet, if you want to get the remnant 5%, there need 6 months ahead. After the sixth month, the information you laread got will be out of date perhaps," "what is the feature for a outstanding manager should have? if it is necessarily to have one word to describe, I may say, the judgment is the most important ........"
Therefore, he hold Mopt=1.05. Moreover, this is not universal truth in all situation. This is only the part of K.O.M full view. In the following parts, you will see that perhaps the character of enterprises.
Another famous figure in management circle is the former trustee in chief of general Motor Sloan. His famous saying is :" we don't manufacture the car, we make money instead." Now, the business school of M.I.t named him as the Sloan of all attendants, he refuse to give a conclusion. He does give the conclusion till the appearing different opinion. So, this is coincident with above mentioned rule: energy, (or O not to large, ) is continuously increasing along with M, when M is a little more than 1.
Now we comport the M=1, O=0 and the M=1.41, O=0.1. According to theory K.O.M , the previous is equal , the for next is equal 1.0672. Such a little difference is better than no difference anyhow. And this is coincident with Sloan's experience. The Scientific philosopher Kurn mentioned, better to keep the necessarily tension between two opposite poles. I think, there will be more simulative driving force. All of these are different from the absolutely and metaphysics likely understanding of "same will of people, the mountain would be moved."
Carefully to read the chart of "five behavior modes," we find more contents in it. For example, is monotonously decreasing then along with M increasing. But, the is firstly increasing then decreasing. The matter may indicate: the god officer perhaps frequently offends more people, but the officer who offends more people is not necessarily a good officer.
6 Monkey King
"Monkey King," his intelligence, K=
The highlights of K.O.M are: management is decision making, the institution soul be capable to be operated, the substantial of decision making operation is information processing. The information is changing and flowing. You behavior speed need match the external information speed. The external information is objective, the telephone number book is the result of hundreds people job. The information is analytical and differentiable. It means, the information has divided into kinetic, potential and internal energy like these three parts. If you say Mr. Smith is a good person, it should be a story of hundreds words behind this. If ten words constitute a sentence. There are theory or fifty sentences in story. Even more, there is stories in story, in order to introduce Mr. Smith, you must talk about Mr. Clark. Then there are hundreds sentence. Each sentence is a differentiation, an element of information or a particle, and the position of each sentence is equal.
If you feel somebody is dressing up as, there must be that his voice is not natural or something to be hidden, the shape of mouth is different, the expression in his eyes is false and so forth, but the different and the false also should be described. At the level of very tiny and basic level, the positions of them are equal. Eventually, we consider the fluid dynamics. There is a conception in fluid dynamics. This element is microscope -- large and macroscopic -- small. It is large enough to do the statistics but is small enough to look at the medium (fluid) as continuous. Making the comparison by information elements with this fluid elements, and checking every restraints we have transplanted the fluid dynamics method to the information processing. We have transplanted the engineering method to the social process.
Therefore, the substance of K is the ratio of 2nd and 3rd category information elements. if K=3. The 2/3 of total information in his brain will be potential useful. In other words his brain is occupied by 2nd category information till 2/3, and by 3rd category information by 1/3. If K=1, there will be nothing of potential useful information in brain. It is the critical state. If K<1. it should e the "unable to accomplish anything but liable to spoil everything. He is the negative pusher. The formula is as follows,
K-1=(2)/(3)
The chart of "five behavior modes" is for 1 The monkey king, he didn't pay attention to useless information, and he can translate any useful information. For White Bone Demon ( in the Chinese novel; Pilgrimage to the west) For common people like you and me consider it is a beautiful woman, and the monkey king can distinguish its origin. The monkey king is a god and spirit. He is not human being.
7 Lei, Feng
Lei, fen is a human being, not the god and spirit.
Lei, Feng hate enemy but loves people. "Treats orates with the warmth of spring, adopts the instructions of higher level with the attitude of "perform the understanding, perform also the not understanding, and to deepen understanding in the process of performing." As a solider, he do these perfectly, and these are the requirements of war.
If everybody in a system is Lei, Feng likely, and if there is no misunderstanding. There will be the O=0 for such system in the process. But, everybody should learn from lei, Feng. It doesn't mean, everybody has already become Lei, Feng. Therefore, the O=0 is impossible at all. It is the limit.
8 Robot
The robot is a kind of machine, not human being. Its feature: O=0.1, very good quality.
The traits of robot are : to perform strictly to code, which is done by human being. Such, the robot observes the disciplines, is honest in performing official duties, is not fear of death, does not make the frictional trouble with friendly forces, is without selfish ideas and personal considerations. But, the robot can not draw inferences about other cases from on instance.
The performance of robot can be calculated (see [ ]). Its performance is =1/M, for the certain things, =1. it is the perfect. Along with the increasing of M, the efficiency is decreasing monotonously. Then, we can compare the robot and the K.O.M, the real human being in K.O.M system, reader will see the chart as follows.
From the chart we can wee, the performance of robot approaches. The performance of human being system with K=1.4 O=0.1. The two cures twist together. We may roughly consider the two cures are the same. Moreover, in case M 1, the less risk exist, or M>1.7, the more risk exist, because of the precise correction (for the former) and the not fear of death (for the latter). The robot performance is better than the real human being (with K=1.4 O=0.1). But, in a range nearly 1.1 Why we say the O=0.1 is the better. From the "five behavior modes" we can see, if , the peak will be at the function and then seeking the maximum. The =0.333 is a critical or a marginal. Its character is : not following the fashion, the comteperary tendency; not popular; not rowing against the flood. Or correctly, it is at the margin of rowing against and rowing loan with the flood. Such, we may say it is the margin of backward. Eventually, from to , the O=0.1 (near the O=0) should be the better.
Now we take some analogue. A bicycle is moving forward. its speed nearly 4 -5 . The mind resistance is not very large in case of without strong wind. The bicycle has several bearings. The magnitude of bearing friction is supposed to be several thousandth. Since a bicycle has nearly ten bearings, the inner discipative of the matter of riding bicycle is perhaps several hundredth. We compare a system of some people and of external risk and internal discipative with the bicycle riding. The former as a movement is more complex and high level. The 10% expenditure (O=0.1) is quite less.
Theory K.O.M is a inter-science. It provides the possibility to have a comparison of natural movement with social movement in a same unique framework.
9 Solider of PLA
The people's liberation army (PLA) is a crowd of excellent. And we may regard them as a system with O=0.1. Of course, don't look them upon robot soldiers, so as to avoid the negative meaning.
If O=0.1, the optional playing will be at mopt=1.41. This is more than M=1 as 4.1%. It means this troop is dynamic and full of vitality. They don't satisfy the M=1. More important, the system with K=1.4 and O=0.1 Its in the case of M=1.8; its in case M=2. For the latter, it approaches the pass score of (*. if we take a value of K little more than 1.4, the value of may very close to 0.333). Therefore, this troop is good at "coming to assemble at the first call can capable of fighting and winning." Though, the winning is at the pass score.
If O=0 instead of O=0.1, it is the extreme outstanding quality. Because Mopt=1.8 or 2 (*, as the , the M=1.8 in this thesis is equal to M=2). It means the optimal playing is going to battle field. This troop is at the bet form and eager to have a try. And they always win.
If O=0.05 instead of O=0.1, it means the troop can afford the hard battle and win compare the winning at the pass score.
In summary, now we are capable to connect the thinking in images and intuitive thinking and logical thinking. We are capable to try data-processing of intuitive thinking. If a system has a state better than "commonly fighting and winning," We may at moment fit its quality as O=0.05.
O=0.2 is moderate quality because (1,0) Mopt=1.21 is the optimal M with viewpoint (1,0). So it is the same as Mopt; (1,1) Mopt is the optimal M with viewpoint (1,1)]. Therefore, if it is going all out, it will be creative. But since 91,1) Mopt=1.0, they may be discouraging in case to change viewpoint (*from (1,0) to (1,1)]. Then, from the discussing of two sides, we may understand this character; neither too firmly grasp, or too slowly motion.
O=0.3 is bad quality. Since Mopt=1.05 which is not very different from M=1. It is hard to be active, because of not plenty of room (5%). More, the (1,1)Mopt=0.96. In this case, doing nothing active is better than doing. Then, this system inclines to body the superior instructions, but, it does not matter for hearing nothing. If M=0.1, the will be 97%. It means that doing harder can not lead to matchable increasement of benefit. In practice, the effort increase 1.05-0.9=0.15, the effect of benefit increasement is only 1-0.97=0.03. Therefore, the marginal utility is 5:1. People then should not be energetically and vigorously. We may understand its character:" languidly acting in accordance with." This is " a low of gruel." "food prepared in a large canteen," or "mess together."
O=0.333 is worse quality, it is at the critical of fashion (catch up with times flood) and the backward. The critical is also for the qualified to do the research work. The critical is the stop threshold critical under the combined effect of force, energy, information wave according to the theory K.O.M. If it is the static force model, the stop critical will be the O=1. Therefore, the process in modern information society is much easier to be stopped. The reason is that we should pay more for the wave resistance. And this is non-linear, the inner discipative is non-linear increasing.
O=0.4 is very bad quality.
An article says, some Japanese enterprises are sick of "huge enterprise disease" but without symptoms. The disease reflects:" without communicating between inhere and lower levels, right and left; meeting overload but nothing passes as resolution; only care own department but don't care overall situation; blind optimistic; be intoxicated with self-satisfaction; reacting slowly, motion doesn't work; overstuffed bureaucratic structure, lower effective, overstocking talent persons" and so forth.
Japan has such kind of modern disease. How about China?
10 Parameter classification
If K= , he can take infinite risk. If O=0, he can take 50% risk as mentioned above.
But, the real system has K O, thus we should choice less than 50% risk. If O=0.1, then Mopt=1.41, its reciprocal is and the optimal risk . So, general speaking, in the peace period, conservatively to say, it is reliable to have risk less than 30%.
The monkey king is the figure of Chinese novel (pilgrimage to the west). This novel is mythology story. There is a figure named Shi, Xiu, in another famous Chinese novel (waterside). The (waterside) is a realistic literature.
The Shi, Xiu is meticulous, shrewd and courageous. After probing the issue one tenth by one tenth until to eight or nine tenth. he has given the final conclusion. The intelligence of Shi, Xin is good or better, or commonly like you and me. But, the monkey king is a superman.
The parameter classification as follows
K<= 1 "unable to accomplish anything but liable to spoil everything"
K=1 - 3 common intelligence.
K>3 super ordinary intelligence.
K infinite insight, monkey king
O=0 ideal without inner friction, everybody is Lei, Feng or even better.
O=0.05 better than very good quality.
O=0.1 very good quality, the practical ideal. The robot has the equality nearby this.
O=0.2 moderate quality, not rush, but slow
O=0.3 bad quality, languidly acting in accordance with
Oc=0.333 the worse acting in accordance with of modern information society. Stop threshold critical under the combined effect of force, energy and information wave. The threshold of creative behavior.
O=0.4 very bad quality.
M<1 The "blue collar" worker's typical situation (and character)
M=1 The " white collar" clerk's typical situation (and character)
M=1.05 Common enterprise's typical situation )and character)
M=1.10 designing institute, the faculty, designer, engineer's typical situation (and character)
M=1.20 research institute's typical situation (and character)
M=Mc=1.41 The troop, the general and soldier's typical situation (and character)
M=2 the war in average meaning, half information.
M= blind person rides blind horse, in midnight beside the deep po.
Chapter 4 Preliminary Contrary
In this chapter, we have contrast the sayings of famous persons regulations and contentious, life experiences and different school of thoughts for decision making theories with the theory K.O.M. In section 2, we have the contrary of living practice al living cases. Seeing that, we name this chapter's contrary as preliminary.
1. Saying of Mao, Zedong
"A general, who win two battles and lose one battle in total three battles, can be appoint again" -- a friend of mine once told me that Mao, Zedong gave this saying. I can not retrieve the criginal source. But, in the period working in university of science and technology of China, The vice president Qian and the director of Marxium -- Leninism teaching and research group Luo. They both have the nod approval.
In practice, balancing both win and lose. The working efficiency of this general is 1/3. From the scorenorm with uncertainty, we can see, his score is 62 - 69. It is the pass score and we can appoint him again (but not promote.)
The folk proverb says: "Having things tried never more than three." A thing has tried by you three times already. If it is still not successful, you should not try repeatedly once more. The many regulations in sport competition like that. For modern society, the main meaning of this lies in that we need more thinking. The thing hasn't been done, the setback occurs, we may try again. If the second is still not done, you should keep in mind: only have the final chance. You need pay much attention to do so, as to avoid the cause of technical careless. The fourth try, general speaking, is meaningless or is "succeed but defeated." In sum, we should think deeply into the intrinsic causes for the matter, which is not succeed with two try, never enthusiastic only.
2. Experience of Lin, Biao
The Chinese ex-marshal Lin, Biao exploded himself in so-called cultural revolution. But, we should not give up some saying for the person is bad. We must accept that Lin has considerably experiences for war. In practice, his battle or tactics principal is 'four quick and one slow." And his strategy or battle principal is just the "70% assurance is enough to make resolution."
The latter principal is coincident with theory K.O.M. Or, in other side, the Lin's experience support theory K.O.M. In 80s, we may avoid to say so. But, in 90s, the affair of cultural resolution is far over. We may not avoid to say so.
His saying is clearly not for the special general. But, his saying is clearly for the PLA. The quality of PLA is suitable by fitting O=0.1. Thus, the optimal assurance is just 70%, to more assurance leads to less fight chances in total. Too less assurance leads to many battles but the effect is still bad for balancing the wins and the loses. The intelligent of a general is just to understand and to figure it.
3. The Procedure of US Congress
The procedure of US congress, if the Senates and the House of Representative wants again to vote down president and maintain the original proposal, which has been passed by them and been overruled by president, it should have the majority of two third.
The key of issue is: there are two kinds of problems. One is the certain, clear and simple, another is uncertain vague, fuzzy and complex. There is difference, for which we should pay the cost from complex, vague to clear and certain. For the simple problem we use the simple majority. For the complex issue we accept the two third majority.
If we wants to decide weather the shop should be open in coming vacation, this will be a simple problem. We need only simple majority. And if a university makes a resolution of putting the first support to biology department instead of physics department. It should accept the two third majority. It is because the old convention, the original relations and the networks all can find the exit under the vague principled resolution. The excellent students, finance, the chances of advanced studies for teachers are possibly still to decline to physics department. The two third majority is the marginal percentage to achieve this resolution without discount. Otherwise, either to delay on time or to discount on contents. If you wants to accept the simple majority, you will have to change the resolution to be more clear.
In modern information society, many problems are complex and uncertain. The problem, which has been passed by senate and house but been voted down by president, is of course complex and weighty for more discussing and researching. According to theory K.O.M, is the condition for the peak passing at the value of M>1.
In May, 1990 when I was in business travel in Beijing, I saw a news (the later part), which told a factory has already accepted the rule of two third majority. I then rushed to CCTV (Chinese Central Television) to ask. It had been told that is a textile will in Sha Shi, Bubei province.
4. Sun Wu's militaries Strategy & Tactics
From the theory K.O.M point of view, the M relates to the external circumstance, the choice of Mopt is just the choice of timeliness, the time scale, the M decides the thing's main axle. The information society of course uses the information speed [a] as a main scale, or uses the ratio of behavior speed versus the external necessary information speed M as the main axle. The O is as the inner circumstance, it should be the geographical advantages. The O is second important OM is the inner discipative function. It reflects the inner discipative should also spread out. Downward again, it is the K, the Theory K.O.M considers, under certain condition, the K is not sensitive, its importance, therefore is quite small.
The amount of permutation of five elements is 120. It seems to say, the theory, K.O.M coincident with "Sun Wu's military strategy & tactics" only within the error less than 1%. The The M is the timeliness scale, the O is the geographical factors. The two combined are the order of importance and urgency. It is the and the by the language of differentiation and integration. Therefore, the M relates to loss of not synchronous of reforming and the O relates to loss of not matching of reforming.
5. RAND Co.
One day in 1986, I was a guest in the home of Prof. Harrington of University of Maryland. His home is at College Park, Suburban of Washington. The house and the garden are spacious and simple and unadorned. The Germany decadent host style like. His wife is a England descent, enthusiastic and able. She voluntarily does some donating and food delivering for homeless people. They have a pair beautiful and talent girls, who are studying in high school. I let Prof. Harrington to read my manual draft which was published in Journal of the American society for information Science. He read the paragraph about the score norm with uncertainty. He said this curve like the assessment curve of RAND Co. to its staff's performance.
After I return to China in 1987, I have hoped to do computer retrieve the articles about RAND Co. But, I didn't do it because the expensive cost.
Before the comparison with different school of though, we sum the above five divisions up.
First, the authoritative and exactitude.
During the "cultural revolution' period. The saying of Mao, Zedong were named "The highest instruction." I worked in a institute of Chinese Academia Sinica, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing. At that time, when every new exposition of him was distributed, there should have a parade with beating drums and gongs in the community of Zhong Guan Cun. Sometime, it was the midnight, then it named "transmitting the newest instruction never stay over night." For this young generation, who haven't the first-hand experience may feel unimaginable. But, no matter how, the instruction of Mao's is certainly important.
About the exactitude. Why the quality of PLA soldiers is O=0.1? whether or not it is O=0.12 or O=0.05? Since the theory K.O.M has already described the different system behavior with different o. Then we can say, O=0.15 and O=0.05 is not prepare. But, O=0.09 or O=0.11 is possible and we originally claim, the error range is about 10%.
The "Sun Wu's military strategy and tactics." The "Dao; Tian; Di; Jiang; Fa" can not be considered as inattentive, vague and general concept. It meaning and order is very scientific. For Japan and US, the Second, to raise the to theoretical experiences.
Everybody has his own life experiences. But, to raise it to a wide covered and capable quantitative operational theory is very important but difficult. Therefore, people do have some stereotype viewpoint towards the social sciences. More two thousands years have passed since the published of The The American contemporary social thinker, futuriologist, Toffler, who has the journalist origin, has published a new book (1993) named "The War And The Peace". He discussed that war making and money making both depend upon the information technology. He got a great step compared with above mentioned two persons who only discussed the war itself. But, he hasn't also to give the adequate quantitative modeling.
Mao, Zedong said, "The things understood, can be precept more deeply." it is profound. Einstein said in other side, "genuine valuable factor is the intuition," But, at the same time, he pointed also, the intuition needs the understanding, which has the sympathy with experiences, as basis.
6. Theory Of Decision Making
In west world, the management science of US is in advanced position. Its origin should be the F-Taylor in the beginning of this century. The competition of different school of thought runs through along with the main line -- the struggle of qualitative stressed and quantitative stressed. Selecting the more important and recent, we choice the H.A. Simon representative quantitative stressed theory of decision making, which was popular in 70s in US and the experience stressed theory of adaptability also the Z theory (means, after the theory X and theory Y), which was advance by an American Japanese and was popular in 80s in US. Then we make the comparisons with the theory K.O.M.
As the economy prize Noblest, 1978, H.A. Simon is the representative person of school of decision making theory, the main points of this theory are as follows, the first: management is decision making; the second: limit rational; the third; use satisfactory solution instead the optimal.
The first, Simon pointed out, the effective organization management must coordinate the organization goal with the individual goal and with the society goal. In practice, this is the and M Mopt. Simon also pointed out, it should strictly distinguish two concepts: effectiveness and efficiency. These are and . They are independent each other.
The second Simon pointed out, there are two preconditions for the decision making: the values precondition and the fact preconditions. Because the facts are very complex. and the conventional psychology is diverse, the all round rational decision making does not exist. So, the fact precondition is the external information flow speed , the value precondition is the values and cultural psychology expressed by O. The experts have their conventional psychology and values, while they operate the M dimension. But, the experts are comparatively rational and objective. So, the conclusions given by theory K.O.M is basically the objective rational, and the feasible is in . The revision caused by O is the part of rational solution. Therefore, the word we choice is also rational, since we have the revision part, we call it as limited rational. But, in the period of violent revolution and war, the O is very large, the process is not feasible. The contradiction transmits to antagonistic. Then, it accepts the words of class struggle, and never uses the concept of limited rational.
The third, Simon pointed out, in practice, we should not pursue the optimal solution, we need to seek the satisfactory solution. An enterprise continually to seek the satisfactory profits. Eventually, it gets the maximum on contrary.
Obviously, he mentioned here a "moderate scope." So called "moderate scope" is for time scale as well as space scale. Thus, we have the possibility to do the statistical inference. The "continually" is therefore a long chain, link after link, caused by the non-linearity, the left and right vicinity of optimal point are not symmetric. Thus, from the long time run or the long time stability. It is better to be M Simon advanced the general form of optimization problem: " inner circumstance" consists of a group off selective actions. The adaptation of inner circumstance to external circumstance is determined by effectiveness function -- usually is function of control parameters and circumstance parameters and possibly some attached restraints. This group of selective action can be given generally; usually, it is determined by control parameters which have the given range. The "external circumstance" consists of a group of parameters. This group may be considered as certain, or considered as probable decided. He continue to point out: the optimization problem may become the standard mathematical problem in case of appropriate arrangement: the problem of maximization for function with restraints. And such kind of goal restraints and maximization. is the one, which we are managing to be the new "natural rule."
The speaking is very good. here, the is the effectiveness function, is the group of external circumstance, the V and O represents internal circumstance. And we entirely get the maximization problem of function with restraints. Furthermore, we let it to become standard "mechanics" problem. We now are managing to be the new 'natural rule." he speaks very well. And he is almost talking us!
7 Theory of Adaptability
Americans considers their management are advanced in west. It is thinkable that there were lots of historical sticking to old ways in Europe. And the American is new content. Americans talk management always with the beginning of Taylor and The Faryol of same times. They belongs to classic school of thought. Afterward, the behavior science school of though was rising, had being the transition of human relation school of thought before. The year of 1949, is the birth year for behavior science. In second half century. There was a new born of school of thought every one decade: the managerial grid and the MBO in 60s; The theory of decision making, theory of adaptability, the degree of maturity, the PM assessment in 70s; the theory Z of American Japanese's was popular in 80s. The competition between the qualitative and quantitative run though the development in past a hundred year. or we can also understand as the competition between overall and structural, the competition between mathematical and behavioral. The scientific rational has just been advancing in such competitions, in such decomposed and composed.
In 70s, the theory of adaptability was very popular in US It points, we need have different choice for the leaderships mode according to eight different situations. The following tablet shows, the 1,2,3,8 are good for work orientation. The 4,5,6,7 are good for human relation orientation.
For the theory K.O.M, O corresponds to the leader's relation to mass, M corresponds to the strictness (or brightness) of work structure, the status of authority relates to K. We draw the operational line of K.O.M into PM diagram (P; performance; M: maintenance). In practice, the P corresponds to , M corresponds . The two kinds of choice: the work orientation and the human relation orientation are wholesale showed with taking in everything at a glance.
The operational lien with O=0.1 is typically represents the "good leader's relation" before the point 13, it is high work structure. The curve is mostly horizontal, it is the work orientation; in point 13 to point 14; M is slightly more than 1, the work structure becomes lower, but from the tendency of curve, it is still work orientation; From the point 14, the work structure decreases further, the point 15, , the main side of contradiction has been transferred. It is already the human relation orientation according to the tendency of curve. In sum, the 11 - 12, 12-13, 13-14 are the work orientation, the 14-15 is the human relation orientation.
Similarly, we can also analysis the O=0.4 (or O=0.3) the "worse leader's relation". From the tendency of curve, it is human relation orientation at the beginning. After the point 46 (or point 36), it transfers to work orientation.
(1) four lines (below shape likely) respectively corresponds the operation allies for O=0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4.
(2) M=1 is the information critical line of 13-23-33-43.
(3) The optimal line with viewpoint (1,0) is 15-25-35-45.
The optimal line with viewpoint (1,1) is 14-24-34-44.
The best between two optimal liens is the optimal belt.
The theory of adaptability is a school of thought of qualitative. It only gives the eight status as. But, the theory K.O.M, using the mathematical mechanical method, give the wholesale solution. The "Sun Zi military strategy" has 5 factors, the theory of adaptability has 8 choices. They are classified to China and US and to ancient and contemporary as well. However, they coincide with theory K.O.M very well, it is amazing!
8 Theory Z
In the 70s, in US the representative work of the quantitative school of thought is theory of decision making. However, the theory of adaptability is the representative of qualitative school of thought. If we say the former was superior than the later in that times, the managerial culture and philosophy school of thought with the emphasis on qualitative, the theory Z would be popular again.
In 1981, Amer Japanese professor , published the book "Theory Z -- How American Business Can meet the Japanese Challenge". The book had a ready market at moment. Its main content can tabulate as follows (see "A Introduction of Behavior Science" Tang, Zi-Wei Compile, Hunan University Press)
Japan Mode (J)
American mode (A)
Mixed (Z)
lifelong employment
short time employment
long time employment
the decision making with unity of opinions
personal decision making
the decision making with unity of opinions
collective responsibility
personal responsibility
personal responsibility
slow assessment and promoting
quick assessment and promoting
slow assessment and promoting
knit control
explicit defined control
basically knit control and some explicit defined control
non-professional career
professional career
some degree professional career
overall care to employee
partial care to employee
overall care to employee
Thus, he describe the management as seven sides. The Japan mode and the American mode both are summed up by him. However, the mixed is the prescription advanced by him. he suggests American enterprises to accept it so as to meet the Japanese challenge.
At the first glance, the mixed mode is something similar with Chinese ideal mode. However, the Chinese managerial features have been changed rapidly nowadays and have the considerable regional differences. Thus, we only compare the theory Z with the theory K.O.M:
(1) Nearly same time as "Theory Z" , the Hickman and published the book 'To Create the Outstanding' which is as same school of thought as above. They pointed out: "to combine the strategy and the culture," "To combine reasonable solid management and the soft artistic management." Hickman said, the base of outstanding is the combination the strategy and the culture. Either to pay much attention to science or to pay much attention to values and culture. This is the distinguishing feature of theory K.O.M.
(2) To my understanding, the most distinguishing feature of Japan mode is "carefully to make decision,' which is in form of "up and down many times." There is no doubt that the full communicating, democratic makes the decrease the discipative after the decision making. Thus, such style is much reasonable and less cost compare to "to deepen understanding in the process of performing' which is the product of small scale peasant economy, natural economy and the backward culture and the customs handed down from the war times.
This book named as triple decision making optimization, advocates the "carefully making decision up and down many times." Comparing to theory Z, we have a set of quantified procedures, as showed in following chapter 5 and 6.
Section 2
Chapter 5 Case 1: M Questionnaire Method
In Oct. 1990, the mechanics institute, Chinese Academia Sinica, invited me as consultant to investigate whether or not to purchase a computer (50,000,000/x worth 3,000,000). This was the first time to do case and successful.
Helping to bring about, the factors are as follows; they have read my academic monograph and already knew that I have used the mechanics method to research to decision making issue: They feel fresh and pleasure; they went to support me by providing the situation for practicing; As a institute of Chinese Academia Sinica. The leaders pay much attention to the decision making be more scientific and democratic; They have already known that my book got the national book prize; this issue is important because of large equipment, from external, noarticle or clause can be cited and to be very uncertain, from internal, the difference of opinions is quite large; And the market risk trends to be up; The problem belongs to be permitted transparently to solve; the problem belongs to be permitted transparently to solve; and finally, I had worked in this institute ten years. They consider I know the circumstance but no benefit in it. They trust me.
I think, the above listed preconditions are worthy, having these conditions and their support, we can then take a step to practice.
The investigating goes smoothly. Having the central question of whether or not to purchase the computer and other questions insert, we distribute the questionnaire to experts and mass. After computer data processing finished, I report the result to the leaders. The whole process needs one week. Eventually, the Chinese Academia Sinica gives the money, which is nearly the consultant's suggestion. From top to bottom, all are satisfactory.
1. Making Questionnaire By Operator
The task of operator is in whole process of operation. First of all, e together with the leader decide the main side of the issue. Generally speaking, the issue or problem should have more two factors but never to more. There are usually 2 -4 factors. Because the theory K.O.M is a kind of dynamics. So, at least one factor has the dimension of time. In this issue, we decide two: the ratio of Academia Sinica support fund; the rate of investment recouping by estimating the research project to get. After that, must make the questionnaire, in which may list some reference data or not. And the expert's scoring is free. The following is the part content of true questionnaire, which was need in that time. In practice, only C4 and C6 are the really to be needed in issue solving. The others in A,B,C and all of D,E,F are the attached (only list B2 and B3)
B2, the ratio our institute got in last year from vertical and transversal funds totally versus the support fund of Academia Sinica is .7:1. How many this ratio is much reasonable in the near future do you think? (The expert system fill it firstly) and how about your feeling? (for the mass)
B3. The ratio our institute got in last year from vertical versus transversal is 7:1, how many ratio is much reasonable in the near future do you think? (The expert system fill it firstly) and how about you feeling? (for the mass)
C4. In the coming 5 years, how many percentage yearly of research task fund return versus the computer purchase fee you should think it is researchable to get this computer? How about your feeling?
C6. How many percentage of Academia Sinica support fund to total fee is suitable or reasonable to purchase this computer?
2. Expert System
The given questionnaire (without the reference data) is a semifinished product. If it is with reference data, it should be the zero grade approach. After the processing of experts we got the first approach. Added the mass revision, then we got the second approach. Therefore, the theory K.O.M has strong operative feature. It is the technology of information processing.
First of all, the operator together with the leader decide the expert system. Generally speeding, it is suitable to have 10-20 persons perhaps. Too less person are not favorable to do the statistics. But, more persons not affect the whole. This issue about purchasing computer is a professional business. Therefore, we decided the academic committee of institute as the expert system. According to the theory K.O.M, the K of expert is not sensitive and the person selected can be decided by common sense. This time the director Xue of institute advanced to add a section chief who is not the member of academic committee. Director Xue also advanced that he didn't both as a member of academic committee because of the weigh as leadership is greater than as expert.
Now we use the mean square deviation of experts to decide the M. Such, we have found the relative truth. The actual data is as follows.
Rate of fund support: (41.5 +- 22.5)%
Rate of investment recouping: (16.5 +- 9.8)%
The data reflect: the necessity of self-owned computer station; the convenient to use the Academia Sinica's computer center; the assessment of this kind computer; the forecast of research marketing; the policy mind of financial section of Academia Sinica. Such kind of factors is very concert, and the experts have the insight for that.
In order to depress the factionalism and to concentrate the data, it should accept the procedure of 'to conceal the highest score and the lowest score." But, we hadn't do it partly because we didn't feel serious factionalism. In total 22 returned questionnaires (the members of academic committee of the institute are 27 except some in business travel and someone refuses to do it), only one person vote 0%: must purchase even without the Academia Sinica's fund support. But, I know this person. I consider this is his perception not his factionalism. In summary, I feel the operation of expert system does rational. And the average data reflect the current financial state of this institute and the context of this decision. indeed, this is the problem due meaning.
Sometime we may use the half error to calculate the value of M. It is because the persons with "no satisfaction' only the half, another half is "overjoyed" indeed. Thus
rate of fund support: M= (41.5+1/2*22.5)/41.5 = 1.27
rate of investment recouping: M=(16.5+1/2*9.8)/16.5=1.33
From the chapter 3 and 4, we know the O=0.1 is very good quality. Mopt (O=0.1)=1.41 is a inherent value of war. The war is semi-informed basically (The enemy side and ourselves side both try to hide the necessary information). But, the contral regulation is likely that: After, getting about 70% information brightness or assurance by scouting then we push the bottom. Thus, in the peace times, we usually should not to accept too much risk, in other words "generally speaking, it is not necessary to be not gentle," So, we decided the m We accept the "2*7 measurement", but the different version is as follow:
0: completely agree with expert's opinion.
1: should increase a little.
2: should increase future more.
3: should increase greatly.
-1 -- -3: is the negative direction, the decrease. In "2*& measurement", their is the 0.5 inner insert. But we omit it.
Where is the critical value Oc=0.333 to be reached, preliminary, we consider that if total mass is at the extreme position, the moment of "mass deny experts" will happen. Another, the calculation of O is by absolute value, then we have the translation like that:
1 and -1 : O=0.11; 2 and -2: O=0.22; 3 and -3: O=0.33.
From the long time run, we may accept the computer norm to revise the Oc position.
In this case, rate of fund support: O=0.097=0.1; correspondingly, 41.5% changed to 45.5%
rate of investment recouping: O=0.041=0.05; correspondingly, 16.5% changed to 17.2%
The above data is the transform process from semifinished product to rough processed and eventually to precise processed result. The first approach of experts then been revised to second approach.
According to the above data: O=0.1 is the very good quality, O=0.05 is the better than very good quality, we now understand that the expert's proposal has the big feasible, the small resistance e, the process is comparatively smooth. But, from the other side, we can also see, the O is impossible to be zero generally. As a member of institute academic committee. They are more willing to acquire the basic equipment. And as a common mass, their benefit are not closely to link with this. Then, their bargaining is different. Though they have a "vote", but the weigh is different (to expert). though the weigh is different, but it is given by the theory K.O.M implicitly, it won't injure people's self-respect.
Furthermore, we can do the computer awarding to choice which vote is the nearest with the final result. This process like the lottery tickets for games or the sale with prizes. We should do it to encourage the decision making participation.
4. Leadership And Graph For Decision Making Scoring Situation
There are two kinds of leader's operation. One is the respectively operation: every leader has its own viewpoint, then do the weighted mean of (X1, X2). The second one is consultative agreement. This one is quite simple. In this case, the leadership means: the director, the vice directors the assistant director, the secretary and the vice secretary of Communist Part committee, totally 6 persons. The director Xue told me, they accept the consultative agreement.
The operator takes the calculation, the results are as follow:
For the rate of fund support
We need explain the calculation of analytical extended. This process is practically the *8 of last chapter "carefully to make decision by up and down many times." The analytical extending is imaginary to have a new point. The M and O both are changed. So that, it must be used the approach of series expansion. And better to use the computer aided procedure. However, we can approximately consider the O is the inner invariant, which is keep constant in extending. Such, the matter is much easier. And this case has been done so.
These data in table should be put on a graph for decision making scoring situation. Finished this graph, the operator has done his work. The leader does his decision making accordingly. In further, we may have the KOMDSS code, and the graph will show on screen. The graph for decision making scoring situation is as follows,
How understand this graph? The is effectiveness. It is of short time of term of office. Therefore, though the fund support decreases a little bit (from 2 - 5). The question may still be not serious; the is the efficiency. It is of long time and beyond the term of office. The is the emotion of people. If it is depressed, it will go on the contrary someday in further. Considering that, we see the decreases rapidly from 1 - 5. As the director of research institute, if the person only care ( or with the viewpoint (1,0)). he will not be given cause from much criticism. It is also normal. But, he consider the usually as well. How the leader is thinking? The operator needn't to ask. he must only make a deep bow!
Here we explain how to separate the solutions as optimal, sub-optimal, not bad and bad. We have:
The very good quality system in the optimal operation M=Mopt must be at optimal solution regions; the moderate quality system at the optimal operation must be at the boundary of sub-optimal and not bad solution regions; The bad quality system at the optimal operation must be at the boundary of not bad and bad solution regions. Furthermore, we consider the , the one of its inherent value is 0.76.
Eventually, we got the region -- devided chart as follows,
The A: optimal solution region
B: sub-optimal solution region
C: not bad solution region
D: bad solution region
X: the unknown region with "good benefit or effectiveness but to tight the trousers belt has been tighten" three is big difference according to different viewpoints of (1,0) and (1,1).
In chart, the point 2 is just the decision making point for the fund support rate.
5 Summary of This Case
This is a successful application case of the theory K.O.M. And it is the first time to be used. It shows the research institute of Chinese Academia Sinica has good quality to scientific and democratic decision making. At the same time, it shows the theory K.O.M has good acceptance and operational good.
(1) This case, the experts opinion hope to get fund support from Academia Sinica about 41.5% rate, e.g. 1,240,000. In fact, the money comes later as 1,000,000. Basically is the point 2. If we take the viewpoint (1,0). The point 2 will be at the optimal solution region. If we take the comparatively conservative viewpoint (1,1), the point 2 will still be at the sub-optimal region.
(2) this case shows the operational good. e.g. we have a order. As soon as the order be mentioned, the reader may remind the people aside the street to wait for public bases. They queue an ordered line. The wife of former US to China ambassador Lode. The American Chinese Bao, bai yi. (she is same age with me and was born in Shanghai also). after coming to China with Lode, she always has the great unsatisfaction for the mess of the waiting people. But, we Chinese are not remarkable simple because we have seem it before. For every things happen in modern society, there should also have a order to deal with the importance and urgent. Its operator must be much abstract. Can we have a order with the good acceptance of people? Now we find, the outstanding part of Chinese people, the research institute of Chinese Academia Sinica has already accepted this order. This is a good beginning.
(3) The operational good means secondly the simplicity of operation. The "carefully to make decision by up and down many time." But, how concretely to do it? In this case, we have used to simplified extending calculation (in fact, the non-linear insert). And, we can realize the meaning in different point on the graph for decision making scoring situation. The article published in JASIS (Journal of The American Society For Information Science) has the title of "K.O.M model: a bridge & a language." Thus, for the director Xue's point of view. It seems that one cycle of up and down can lead to finish. So-called the downward process is that the leader together with the operator design the questionnaire, downward to experts also to mass, after the calculation, the information will be upward. Director Xue brings this graph to continues upwards. he then can consult with president Chou of Chinese Academia Sinica about this issue.
(4) The oeprational good means thirdly the weightin is reasonable. The semifinished fiure of experts is 1,240,000. After the mass revised it changes to 1,360.000. The final bargain figure with Academia Sinica is 1,000,000. The process of the institute negotiating with Academia Sinica is important. How to explain is important. It is clear that the director Xue can act on approximately 300,000; The experts are totally 22 persons. They decided 1,240,000. So, each of them holds the weighting about 60,000; the mass are totally 100 persons. They give the revision as 120,000. If we count 60 persons. The weighting of every vote then must be 2,000. Finally, the original problem has the level of 3,000,000. But, after the consulting of K.O.M, the final elastic region on the graph for decision making scoring situation then cut to about 350,000 (If we count point 1 and point 3). The uncertainty has then decreased.
(5) Decision making like that increases the scientific rational, the rational constraints. The graph for decision making scoring situation has the 4 regions. The decision maker is difficult to do things beyond the region. From the politics point of view, the scientific rational may promote the "being honest in performing official duties." It compresses the possible bribe by 10 times nearly (e.g. 3,000,000/350,000=10)
(6) The display of experts is good. Their opinion distributes from 0 - 60% (for rate of fund support.) It seems the genuine thought rather not the factionalism arguing. A person, who votes the 0%, is engaged in computer calculating and simulating. I know him. I know that his opinion never emotional. Compared with the good rational of experts, the mass also shows good sense and reasonable. We talk with some persons, who may inappropriate choice of extreme words. Moreover, with talking to individual person, we feel difficult to understand it is the typical or not. So, there should be a translation process. In this case, we know, the acceptance of mass to the opinion of experts is very good. Because, the O=0 expresses the extreme smooth, O=0.333 is the marginal feasible and the O=0.1 is a very good acceptance.
(7) Director xue attended my lecture from beginning to end totally 9 hours. And he had read my book " ". He said he had two gains: The perceptual to decision making risk is much more sensitive and sharp; the learning of limited rational is much more deepgoing. In order to promote democratic decision making, his director's office room is always open. His style is democratic. He treats people sincerely. He has great learning in his major. And he works hard. He had later been voted into the presidium of 8th N.P.C of China (National People's Congress of China)
(8) Stability. Everybody in research institute of Chinese Academia Sinica is wise. Just after the mass questionnaires return, somebody told me: " if we had known your procedure in advance, we would be acting in collaboration to fill the bigger figures." This therefore deals with the stability. I think, from the institute side, there is the leadership of Chinese Communist Party Committee; from the superior side, there is the leadership of Academia Sinica. These are the factors of stability. Moreover, their saying so is basically making fun to me. The Chinese intellectual are lovely. They work wholehearted devotion to public duty. They deal with concrete matters relating to work. The two sides of above mentioned is just the Mao, Zedon's saying:" we should trust the mass, we should trust the party, these are the two basic principles."
(9) The Chances Academia Sinica holed a meeting: in Feb., 1991. "The Forum of Science with complex," Beijing. In the 4 days meeting, President Chou, guang Zhao had attended 3 days. I had the honor to be invited and be asked to give a speech "triple decision making optimization." In 25 minutes speech I introduced briefly the theory K.O.M and the case in institute of mechanics. I received a warm welcome and had the chance to seat in dinner table next to president Chou. According to this situation, many friend of mine suggested to me:" striking while the iron is hot." To apply for the president's fund! But, I was taking no action. I deeply know that in Chinese Academia Sinica. There are profound stereotype of natural science towards the soft science. And the administrative officers had some trends of empiricism. In addition, the president's fund need two votes, except the president Chou, we need another vice-president vote, where it is?
Chapter 6 Case 2: O Questionnaire Method
In Aug., 1992, the Shanghai people's government took an important step in science-technology system reforming: to select 58 research institutes of development the as the places where an experiment to deepen the reform was made; to formulate 18 items of policy to match the reforming; to begin the try of "noninterference of a great part" in wholly "stabilizing at one end; noninterference of a great part." In these 58 research institutes, there are 27 regional and 31 national but located in Shanghai (9 in Chinese Academia Sinica, 22 in national ministry owned). They have counted as "half of the country" of the capability of science and technology in totally more 260 independent research institutes in Sanghai region. The reforming test has got great progress since than. In order to promote the progress of industrialization of science-technology research. The research of following the tracks of was started at Aug., 1993.
The research room for policy and regulation of SISS (Shanghai Insatiate for Science of Sciences) in the main force to undertake this following up research project. They are willing to accept the theory K.O.M as main method to investigate. Then, we have done this case.
The case 1 of last chapter. The procedure is asking experts first before asking mass. We have the M questionnaire first and then O questionnaire. And we found, the M questionnaire is basic for the problem solving. Thus, we named it as "M questionnaire method:" The case 2 in this chapter, the matter turn out just contrary, the O questionnaire comes first before the M questionnaire. And the O questionnaire is basic for problem solving. Therefore, we name it as "O questionnaire method."
1. Making Questionnaire By Operator
In case 1, I as an operator together with the director of mechanics institute made the questionnaire. In this case, I as a consultant together with the research group of SISS, the members are Tan, Da Jun; Cheng, Min Jiu; Lin, Guo Wei; Qian, Ke Qi; Huang, Shan Guang and the guest member of Shanghai bureau of statistics, Zheng, yi Min, made the questionnaire. " The fund problem" is the most concerned. We made the questionnaire for this is as follows. "The issue of talent person" is the second concerned, we only have part reference.
The fund problem of research institute in industrialization
The fund problem of research institute in industrialization is the most concerned by us. Vice Premiere, Zhu, Rong Ji pointed: "The science and technology investment is the productive investment. It is the necessary condition and the basic guarantee of science and technology progress,: "Under the recent situation of tight finance, the exit of this problem is: to rearrange the investment structure and to set up multi channel, multi level whole society investment for science and technology." According to this, we design the following questionnaire for different channel. The method is based on the theory K.O.M, the O questionnaire and the "2*7 measurement."
He also pointed, "the central finance invest will put into the work of "to stabilize one end," so as to strengthen the new idea research and preliminary development in the fields of biology engineering, electronics, new materials, new medicines, new agriculture chemical, special usage chemical etc. and to strengthen the very important basic research." For the provincial or municipal finance, he asks for "the ratio for provincial investment in science and technology versus other finance expenditure should progressively reach the central government level." As the classified development research institute of "58 institutes," How the institute realize the usage of government finance investment. Do they have the clear understanding? You think.
(1) The science and technology bank. It is known. The Xiamen special district has already programmed to set up the science and technology ban in its Hi-tech development zone. And it is said, the macro rearrangement measures of central government are the public finance, investment, monetary, real estate, foreign trade. The first three of them will come first. The bank with policy and the commercial bank will be separated. The export and import bank and the long time term development credit bank are possibly to go first in whole banks with policy. Do you have the strong requirement that in Shanghai to set up the long time term develop credit bank and the science and technology bank?
(2) Special loan fund. According to the "Wen Hui" newspaper (Oct. 16, 1993), "Shanghai Commercial bank the The Committee of Science and Technology have decided to add 60,000,000 special loan fund. It is to be used in city's scientific research institutes, universities and colleges. The backbone enterprises of large and middle size. And it is to be listed in Shanghai's "torch project." "Spark project," "Science and technology industrialization project" and the science and technology achievements spreading project, How the degree of this fund to fill the recent shortage in industrialization do you think?
(3) Financial aid for risk. According to the "Jie Fand Daily" (Oct. 17, 1993). It is known, the Pu Dongg new district put 20,000,000 investment to support the science and technology achievement industrialization. It tries as financial aid for risk so as to support some important project (The example cited as lithium-bromide refrigeration of 704 institute) Do you think weather or not to withdraw some faction of already withdraw government operational expenses for institutions to reuse as financial aid for risk.
(4) Self owned fund of institute. Generally speaking, the amount of self owned fund of institute is less except few research institutes. Do your institute have or haven't the worries for putting the self owned fund into industrialization?
(5) Social interacting fund. The forms are stock, bound, fund melting ticket etc. Since the 3F, Fuhua, Nanyang and Guojia stock have already been marketing. This kind of things has grown out from nothing. Considering the recent true situation of situates. Do you think the possibility of this is big or small?
(6) Investment medium. For the recent exist investment medium organization like Science and Technology investment company. How about your objective expectation to their risk investment? (including the possibility to get it, the interest and the risk)
(7) Foreign investment. For the 58 research institutes. The possibility to use the Foreign investment is large or small?
(8) Someone suggests, the annual interest of the part of unified planning of retired pay of city's more than 260 independent research institutes is 50,000,000 (The unified planning rate is 25.5%) Do you hope put this interest even some part of capital into the science and technology loan channel?
(9) Someone suggest, the 58 research institutes is one side and one level of whole science and technology industrialization. The nature and the quantity of this problem has its own special. May or may not to take "people run melting fund" (for example, every institute put 300,000- 500,000 into fund)? Though the operation is difficult, the assessment and floating rate of risk interest are very sensitive (need use the triple decision making optimization). In sum, from the both sides of necessity and possibility. Do you support this suggestion? (Delete some additional questions)
2. O Questionnaire
O questionnaire means the mass questionnaire. And the mass mean the directors of 58 institutes or the chiefs of institute's administration office. The investigating divided into two groups. The first group discussion was held sat SISS, Oct. 27, 1993. The 27 persons of total 20 research institute attended. The second group discussion was held at Shanghai Technical Physics Institute, Nov. 10, 1993. The follows table is the report of first meeting in No. 14 bulletin of the following up research project.
The situation for topic
No.
The average reading on "2*7 measurement"
The average O
O/O relative error %
The last item is the standard deviation of 27 person's opinion. We have pointed out previously that the general critical for risk is :R < 35%. Now most of these are between ten to twenty . The largest is 28.3%, still less than 30%. So, the data are effective and the investigating is successful.
We have pointed out that the "2*7 measurement's reading. The value of O and the meaning described by language are one by one corresponding in K.O.M operation. The is likely the analytic geometry. Thus, putting the answers in line according its order, we got very clear result. Such, they are in the perceptual radioed.
Resulting O graded (first group)]
The order "2*7 measurement" the order of O description Topic No.
6: by words ; every feasible
5.5: comparative very feasible
5: comparative feasible
4.5: a little feasible
This is very beautiful results.
Afterwards, we put the results of two groups together. WE found: the two group's results are largely identical but with minor differences. It is reasonable and also brilliant. The average O for the two groups is which cited in introduction of this book.
The average O
Topic No.
Resulting of first group
resulting of second group
the average O
The following is the final results published in bulletin 15 (of the following up research project)
The order of "2*7 measurement"
the order of O
the description by words
topic No. and its brief content
6
0.167
very feasible
1. the bank with policy setting up the science and technology in Shanghai.
5.5
Comparative very feasible
3. from reduced operational institute's expenses to withdraw a part to be used a risk aid
8. putting the interest or part capital of more 260 independent institutes 25.5% retired pay into science and technology loan channel.
5
Comparative feasible
4. the institute's self owned fund. Is worry or not
7. The possibility to use the foreign fund
4.5
a little feasible
2. the degree of the special loan to fill up the shortage for industrialization
5. the real feasibility of society integrating fund.
6. the expectation to the media like science and technology investment company
9. the 58 institute's people run fund melting.
In the investigating of questionnaire, we have accepted the prize procedure, the computer real time processing to select the person who's answers are comparative near to the average. Such, their "Zhuge Liang degree" are larger. (Zhunge Liang, a statesman and strategist in the period of three Kingdoms (220 - 265). They are much sensitive to the "pulse of times.' In the Southwest region (the first group). The director of first research institute Liu, Zao-Tain got the first, his answer is near the average within 8.7%' the second and the third prize winners are the Tu, Zhuan-Tian of general machinery research institute. In the Northeast region (the second group), Sheng, Yu of machine building technology research institute. The twenty third research institute of machinery and electronic ministry Yan, run Sheng of, Sun, Jin-Gan of printing research institute got the prizes. We feed the prize is just for the fun add now. The good result mainly comes from their good consciousness of participation, their strong rational. In fact, they have good quality.
3. M Questionnaire
For the O questionnaire method. After finishing the O questionnaire, we should do the M questionnaire. The following is the results that we can see.
From the dark black frame lines we can see. If the O=0.4, it will be always bad solutions no matter what M is: if the O=0.333. It will be the no bad solution only in case of 1/M>90% Thus, in these two situations of high value of O, the O dimension has already or almost decided the issue. It is not necessary to do the M dimension.
If it is the moderate O=0.25, it will be the no bad solution for 1/M>80%. If 1/M,80%. It will the bad solution. Finally, if O=0.167, though it still interacts on M, but there will be only the sub-optimal solution (1/M>85%) and if we loaned the standard as >0.6 for sub-optimal, than there will be the sub-optimal solution for 1/M>70%.
In summary, according to the value of O, it is basically to be decided the quality of issue. Such, we may named it as "quasi -- one dimensional problem" In fact, almost at the same time, "the decided about some problems of Chinese Communist Party Central Committee for setting up the mechanism of socialism marketing economy" has announced in newspaper. It pointed out that "setting up the bank with policy. Carrying out the separation of commercial business and the business with policy. Composing national development bank and import and export credit bank. recomposing the agriculture bank to undertake the restrict defined business with policy." In the "Research and Suggestion" issue 337. Nov. 5, 1993. published by Siss. There was a article title "Shanghai Should first set up the risk investment market" (by Chou, Liang Yi, the director of SISS and the special researchers of SISS, Chen, Ji-Fang and Yao, Shi-huang. Therefore, if we only do the O dimension and cordite with some qualitative reference and analysis. We can also get the due results.
However, we continue to do the M questionnaire, the selected experts are 10 persons. The results have already had in the introduction of this book: (11) the scheme 1 as the sub-optimal has been choice first, the 1/M=78% and The (1/M)opt=78.7%. So, this problem is still preach and tender not over-cooked. (2) the scheme 4 and 8 have been rejected after the second sieve. (3) the scheme 3 is the no bad solution. The scheme 7 is a "black horse" as the big deviation of experts.
4. Summary
The unity of opposites of qualitative and quantitative methods. Supplement each other; complement each other. The quantitative method has its own advantage. The K.O.M quantitative method has its own advantage.
(1) The quantitative method can first "be graded." In this case, the O is devised as four levels. It is very clear at a glance. And it is not only the relative measure. And we can still understand the absolute meaning. Here we cite some results of "talent questionnaire" in "talent problem" The level of O=0.167 is blank. It is very clearly to say that for the development category of research institutes. The most recent concerned issue is the found problem. The three topics about the "talent problem" are classified as O=0.25 (The second category relative to the O=0.167) They are
Topic 12, Do you consider, for the issue of young persons of giving play to. The increasement for decision making participating, democracy and generous are all such factors which play the same important role as economic factors in "cohesive force"?
Topic 13. The talents outflow of research institute is increasing or not. Along with the further reforming and opening?
Topic 16. If the society has already been accustomed to "talent flow," The further demand of new stage will be more optimal and reasonable. Do you think it is possible to make a clear cut and feasible regulations, which protect the economic and technical benefit and right of flowing out institute?
These three problem are the first high graded group in "talent problem", O=0.25, it is therefore to show the level of possibility, importance and feasibility and so forth. The second graded group, O=0.333 list flowing 5 topics, for example: Topic 5. In the period of 1995 - 1999, A great deal of employees who graduated before 1949, will retire. Do you feel worry about it? The Topic 6. Because of young researcher greatly flow out of research institutes. There is big shortage of cross-century academic leading researcher. Do you feel worry about it? The Topic (, the compound talent and science and technology enterprise, who know the science, technology and management including the marketing, financing, are recently lacking. Do you have strong consciousness for training and introducing?
Again, from above mentioned the three topics of second graded, we feel the "talent problem" is not very urgent.
(2) The quantitative result is precise, The quantitative rational makes the feeling more sensitive.
For example, the first choice science and technology bank got the expert score A=78. It is very near the Aopt=78.7. Then we can understand this is a fresh problem. So, it is the precise. About the sensitive, to use myself as an example. I had expected that after the expert questionnaire. =85. It has been verified after one month. The second example for my own, I had expected at the Nov. 10 meeting that the first group (Southwest region) result may very be near to second group (Northeast region). It has been verified after one hour computer operation.
(3) The quantitative result has the "sharp truthfulness." Thus, it means, the theory K.O.M fully to consider the non-linearity. The double sieve of both experts and mass has sharp, clear and truthfulness as well. It is to avoid the "blunt knife cut the meat.'
(4) The quantitative results are rich. As mentioned above. The different problems of fund and talent can also be given a great deal of understandable dimentionless data. There is the meaning of "high speed and large scope information sampling."
(5) From the practicing of two cases. We can se the K.O.M triangle is not symmetric. In fact, seeing two dimensions can mostly decided three dimensions. Moreover, according to the different situation. The different one dimension may be the principal in whole two dimensions. In Beijing 1990 is comparatively micro and harder. The goal is mainly to mediate a dispute. And we accept M questionnaire method with laying particular emphasis on experts; the case of 58 institutes, 1993, Shanghai, is comparatively macro or moderate macro and softer. The goal is to get a great deal of information and to process quickly. Because of these reasons and partly the high quality of mass. We accept the O quanationaire method with laying particular emphasis on mass.
Section 3 Philosophy And Culture
Chapter 7 Philosophy
Space
For the thing with the parameters more than three, mathematically, we may imagine the multi-dimentional space. the distance in such multi-dimentional space is . But, the three dimensional is the most intuitive. So, we summarize the theory K.O.M.
The space of K.O.M is bend shape. The cause of this is the exist of O, O=0. If O=0, it will be straightforward back and forth, be talking very frankly, be flying freely like the helicopter circling over the length and breadth of plane. However, there are the conflict of benefit, the difference of values, the possibility of misunderstanding. Therefore, the straightforward talking should frequently be changed to making oblique references. It is likely the cruise missile shuttling between the city/s the buildings. The short range line are "not the shortest." From Beijing to Washington, the air line basically is along with the big are of earth surface and never through the long straight hole between two cities. The Mao, Zedong always says: better situation, brilliant prospect and bender way."
The space of K.O.M is folded The cause of this is the exist of time dimension. The time is not symmetric. It is a arrow. After morning out of original institute than backing in, the person found him not at the original position. This explain the fold of space.
Thus, the space of K.O.M is not the , but space, space. Such the metaphysics thinking can be avoided.
Finally, the space can not merge into fold, or piece together fold. Thinking in images, we have the example to explain the quality of space. The long distance runner on the tracks of sports field. The space for him is bended. If he goes straightforward to the final through the green grass. There will burst with laughing. At the same time, the space for him is folded. If he falls down and have a little break then, after returning to the line though apparently in the same order in line. He will be understanding the short of one lap. And, the referee knows it better than him. however, the space can not merge into-fold. He either runs following another one, Thus he locates at a disadvantage psychologically and needs go the long way round when try exceeding, or runs ahead of other, thus he must be into the wind and have another kind of psychological pressure. But, it does certain, he can not merge into somebody to run. If such, the ghost!
The space ca not merge into-fold, it is the base of sameness of game theory and mathematical programming operations. The final result of negotiation should be balanced in one point either you go programming first or bargaining first etc.
Time
The time is a arrow, it is irreversible.
if we bend a metal thread again and again. It will eventually break in two. The mature natural science wants to get law of this. When get it, we can understand the meaning of Nth bending. But, for the breaking of person's relation, turbulence off society and the confrontation between states, the social science can still not have the precise expectation.
Than, the irreversibility expressed by and the time nature measure by , must remain to experience instead of theory. The dealing remains to leader's experience, or the choosing of (x1,x2) remains to leader's experience. Therefore, the leader's experience is such the feeling of time flowing.
The theory K.O.M can only deal with time such
Speed
Common saying:" The speed is the soul" said:" the exist form of matter is movement." However, the movement is measured by speed. The speed connects the space and the time.
A thing is not suitable to do, just as Mopt=0. A thing is not willing to for a person. He is just to say so, and not truly to put on to the agenda.
The degree to measure the maturity and development of information society is simply the [a]i. Judgment whether a matter to be operate properly, to b balanced better with its internal and external circumstance is nothing but the relative dimentionless speed M=V/[a].
Using the M as abscissa, we may put the static and stagnant society, evolutionary and reforming society and the revolutionary sudden changing society together, when M>, that is non-equilibrium. There is firstly the linear non-equilibrium, after that, is the non-linear non-equilibrium.
History
As the time goes one, the dimensionstions of society increase. Now it is three dimensions. The three dimensions decision making.
As the history goes on, the K.O.M parameters inherently increase. Do they?
Somebody pointed, there are three kinds of laws: the law with certainty; the statistical law; and the historical law.
The historical law is much more uncertain than the statistical law. So, it is the fuzzy statistical law or the vicinity of statistical certainty. Whether the K.O.M is at between the historical and statistical law. it seeks the certainty from the uncertainty. It advances the certainty and let the soft science much more harden.
Non-linear
The world is non-linear, the natural science is non-linear. The social science should be non-linear, the 21st century is non-linear science century.
I quote a letter for me (Jan. 2, 1990) from professor Zhu, Zhao Xiang, who is a respectable senior paragon of virtue and learning, and of more than fifty years communist party member standing. As follows,
I have received you letter and "The Structure of Modern Managerial Behavior". Thank you. Now I haven't enough time to learn it. I think, the research is a hard and endless way. It is difficult to find a keenly appreciative friend on the way of research. Such, the research needs the firm and persistent courage. In recent ten years, I have published some papers. But, it is only frequently add a line in my personal article catalogue after such publishing. The Chinese authors seldom to be accustomed to cite internal same occupation's works. Therefore, I don't know what function my papers have. I cannot avoid some sorrowful when I thinking about it. I hope your work may extricate from such predicament.
The non-linear social science, it is a very attractive task. I hope you can do it persistently. Sometimes, there is nothing of foot step sound in lonesome silent valley. Persist do it also. Anyhow, there is the hope to reach the brilliant peak!
Materialism
Senior scholar, same age of this century Xia, Yan, after my oral introducing, joyfully to write down some word including the famous saying: " along with every epoch-making invention in material science field, materialism is to be necessarily to change the reformed itself." The "epoch-making invention" is the computer, "to change the form" perhaps to be understand as : the modern cognitive psychology has been a form of materialism.
Behavior Science And Law
In Jan., 1985, The chairman of Chinese society of Science and Technology, Qizn, Xue Sen gave a speech at the first national inter-Science academic forum. He suggested the category of modern science as nine academic department. The behavior science is as the 9th. Such, the behavior science has got its position in China and in the disciplinary system.
From the Qian's discussion about the behavior science, we can see some features of it.
"As the goal of behavior science is to solve the contradiction of personal behavior and the society development, thus it needs to keep people under control for the benefits of country and the collective. How to keep control? There are two sides: the first is guiding and inducing; the second, it is necessary to have the law execution so as to limit the unhealthy consequences. In other words, under the socialism system. The management, the ethics and the theory of law are unity..... According to this reason, the whole system of the theory of law is transferred from social science to behavior science. And it is clear for us: the behavior science has three levels: basic science, technical science and technical engineering. In sum, he stands for the three levels inner the behavior; the difference of Chinese and western and the brining the theory of law into the behavior science.
Therefore, the behavior science is higher than the law, or in other words, the fair and reasonable are higher than legal. The behavior science is the mother science.
The famous American Scientific social scientist R.K. Murton has pointed," If the society system exists not in the science system, if the scientists are not dare to insist their opinions and the loyalty to science..... the society system must conflict with the science system." He also pointed, "truth exists in the authority." In order to understand the relational between authority, law and behavior. There saying are good for the reference.
Ethics
Chinese ancient great mater Zhu, Xi, Song dynasty, who was the leader of the confusion school of idealist philosophy at that time, said:" be heavenly principles, wipe out the human lusts." This saying is very absolute. In so-called "cultural revolution.' There was words "the personal though is large for him but small." This words can not stand close scrutiny. In the introduction of this book. It is mentioned:" The good and reasonable order with the modern ethics combination." The theory K.O.M provides the condition? The train of thought? or the base?
Soft Science
The soft science is a new developing science. Its conceptions and connotations are near the decision making science," Triple decision making optimization." Therefore, the theory K.O.M is a soft science.
The soft science and the decision making science both belong to inter-science. The difficult of inter-science stands for easily to be attacked front and rear but not early to gain advantages from both sides.
The economic construction should rely upon the progressing of science and technology and the advancing of labor's quality. The soft science is very meaningful for the both. The secretary in Chief of National Science and Technology Committee pointed, Dec. 12, 1990, "Science and Technology Daily"., "we always demand the leaders in different level to sup up the consciousness of science and technology. And thus, it needs to put the soft science on the place higher than hard science and technology and to reverse the trend to look the soft science as useless and not essential. We need create the necessary conditions for the development of soft science and bringing its to full play."
It is truly pay attention to soft science.
The decision making science has different school of thought. The system engineering (S.E.) is a great strong troop. Another school of thought is named system dynamics (S.D), which was initiated by professor Forester of MIT.
"Traditional 'resources type organization' displays that minority of high level leaders think about the long time goal and the long range programming. The 'knowledge type organization' displays that every level think about respectively. The high level is responsible to synthesis it. Such, to form a long range goal, which is accepted by every member in the organization and is easier to e achieved.
The about mentioned is cited form a paper named "the system thinking's management science", May 2, 1992. Wen Hui newspaper, Shanghai. The authors are the vice Chairmen Yang, Tong yi and Yuang, Sui Shan of Shanghai society for Europe American returned scholars. The original is a paragraph of a book. "The author is Senge, who belongs to the school of thought of Forester's system dynamics. According to analysis of successful and failing examples of great many enterprises, he considers, by only continually to learn and to reform it self. The enterprises then can cursive of the fittest. They should be better to think collectively and entirely. To serve the growing up of the collective and the individual as well.
Such, we firstly look on people as information processor, as intelligence. Therefore, the organization is the knowledge type, the learning type and the participating of decision making type. Such point of view is same as the triple decision making optimization, the theory K.O.M. The same spirit!
The S.E; S.E and the K.O.M should learn each other, to learn form others; strong points to offset self's' weakness. To support each other to bring out the best in each other.
Chapter 8 Mathematics
Number
K.O.M connects an indissoluble bond with some numbers.
3 the triple decision making.
7. The short time memory limit. Can find some grounds in physiology in the future?
0.333 It is the Oc, the threshold value;
1.41, it is the Mc
We may think about the optimization, such as the inherent value of 0.618. But, it is the optimization of mathematics, and the theory K.O.M is the optimization of mechanics, which is the approximate applied mathematics somehow.
Integer
We accustom to vote by raising the hand. What stands for? Think about it. It means that the traditional operation of social decision making in the key link, has just been the integer mathematics. In other words, the society thinking is limited in integer mathematics under some meaning.
Complex
If we accept the viewpoint as a constant 9 for example, the (1,0)). The problem of decision making will become the two dimensions of M and O, pooling the wisdom and efforts of everyone. The leadership then s insignificant (the Chinese ancient saying: government by doing nothing that goes against nature). Therefore, the three dimensions degenerate to two dimensions, the place problem such, we got the complex functions
We use the complex function to calculate the tensions in aircraft wing profile and in water dam profile. However, the triple decision making optimization is basically also the complex function.
Addition
The addition is the basic calculus, the subtraction is the reverse. The multiplication is the interaction of addition. Division is the reverse of multiplication. In sum, the four fundamental operations of arithmetic basically are the addition.
The subtraction and addition make the analyzing and the synthesizing.
In the information society. The information is distributing and transmitting. People speak and listen.
People speak can be "being carried away by emotion" or "warning somebody of the consequences." Ever frequently you use the both. But, you never forget that these divided individual parts should satisfy the conservative of additions: The quantum of words per unit time should be conservative. And the constraint of this energy conservative play great role in the forming of non-linear mathematical programming.
Differentiation
Differentiation, the basic meaning is division. The information flow can be divided, differentiated. Some differentitations of "particle" (or element) are entirely useful. It is a perfect grain of rice. For example, someone told you that the paper you wanted just is at professor Zhang. This sentence are totally useful. Before the usage, it is the potential energy, which can be transformed into kinetic energy entirely. After the usage, it transformed into kinetic energy. Before the usage, you kick up this information and then put it into agenda, thinking of how to borrow the paper from Zhang. After the usage, you put it in the back of brain. The situations are likely the computer storage's, which divide into internal and external, that transformed and transferred each other.
Except the perfect grain of rice, the rich shell. There is still a kind of smashed grain of rice. Smashed rice is internal energy likely, which can not entirely transfer to work. The second aw of thermodynamics tells. It can only partly transfer to work. A visiting scholar went to US his knowledge of world geography, generally speaking, is only the internal energy, not the "argument of knowledge useless," but a little useful. Maybe at some situation, to give play to, then to lad to good feeling and then evaluated to a good thing.
At the condition of constant speaking speed. The total of kinetic, potential and internal energy should be conservatively constant.
Conservative (Equality)
The conservative is the equality, =. The their equation of the first equations of chapter 1 divination 4, is the energy conservative equation, in the formula, the CVT is the internal energy, the is the potential energy, the is the kinetic energy.
Why the total energy is conservative? The theory K.O.M has set up a information open (not conservative) and energy closed system. Why? In original monograph [ ]. It is thought fully be verified. Now, we just use the life experience to explain it. In fact, the information is a wave, the energy is a flow. In practice, the speed of information wave is always greater than the speed of energy flow in the modern society, in which the information technology is not very developed until to far further post information society, the matter may be changed. We may change the viewpoint at that time. But, at nowadays, the energy is closed, conservative and the information is open.
For example, early before the "Sept. 18 accident" (1930). The intellectual-experts system could detect the wild ambition of Japanese warlord. But, the anti-Japanese of Guo Ming Dang began after at "Dec. 12 Xian Accident" 91936), the nations' anti-Japanese began after at "July 7, Accident" (1937). So the delay between foresight intellectuals and common people is quite great. As the Chinese famous educator Tao, Xing Zhi said, "understanding is easy, doing is difficult". Letting a big system to go is difficult. however, the energy is exist in mass!
Inequality
The inequality: > or <. The theory K.O.M uses the entropy inequality, its precondition is energy closed. It is.
Any lose and setback are the increasement of chaos. The increasement of entropy. For the longer time point of view, but different. The entropy inequality said, any shortage of information, statistically spacing, must bite you a little bit, the bit of , which has been decided statistically from "single log bridge function."
Optimization, limit and stable
The solution of the mathematical programming with the restraints of equality and inequality is the optimal point of objective function.
The theory K.O.M told us, if O=0.1, very good quality, such troop goes to battle, the optimal risk will be 30%, or the assurance degree is 70%, more or less than it are not relevant. Is it acceptable with our daily experience? So, the theory K.O.M is under stable and is in touch with daily life.
This conclusion also told us. The theory K.O.M has the real quality of applied basic theory. If it is a theory of mathematics, the probability. It will support us to go to battle with the expecting rate just a little more than 50%. And the natural science with certainty suggest us doing things with 100% assurance. Therefore, the theory K.O.M is applied basic social science by using the natural science, or more strictly say, mechanics method.
What is the stable? The has large stability. If it stands up side down, it will lose the stability. How many the degree of stability near the optimal point. At least, we look the vicinity nearby the optimal point. According to the non-linear feature of and . In the vicinity nearby the optimal point, it is unsymmetric . Thus, it decides our daily experience: rather to have enough room to do things than no room to reserve. Rather stable more. from the viewpoint of M less than Mopt a little bit. It is therefore to slow down the speed. To be careful and prudent. That is the character of intelligent. "the whole life of Zhuge, Liang is nothing but prudent."
Proportionality, Linearity
Proportionality is the relation with straight line, is the linearity.
Proportionality is dimensionless quantum. It is a number. In the theory K.O.M, the three mode decided criterion's K.O.M are all dimensionless. The M is the proportionality of behavioral action speed versus the external necessary information speed. The O is the proportionality of virtual work versus the useful work (at the clear circumstance of M 1). How can decide the intelligence coefficient?
In the formula, (2) express the second kind of information elements, the potential energy likely element. The (3) expresses. The internal energy likely element. So, the intelligence is nothing but the capability to find the potentiality. The talent comes on stage, having good ears and eyes, quick calculating, knitting the brows and a stratagem comes to mind, having a bliv tongue.
In the first equations of chapter 1 division 4. The second and the fourth equitation are both linear. The meaning is as follows:
The Cv is a constant, we ignore it. The is the total of knowledge. The (k-1) is the proportionality with potential. That is the answer. Category (1) is the kinetic energy likely, it is put into the back of brain.) T is the intensity of activity. Therefore, this equation expresses, the driving force of knowledge system P is proportional three factors. This hit the experiences of daily life. But, in other words, we may say this is a defined linearity.
The linearity of psychology: linear thinking
The linearity, it is natural. Passing a point on curve to have a tangent so as to approach this tiny are near this point. It is natural. The Chinese ancient saying:" trying to go worth by driving the chariot north." It means acting in a way that defeats one's purpose. it is negative and ridiculous. But, on the contrary, it is not terrific because of the round earth. However, the critic say so, it is natural.
Seeing the neighbor to become richer an richer day after day, someone has growing jealous. however, the robber break the door into next day. Then, someone's mind before that day is worry about troubles of his own imagining? But, his imagining is natural.
The cognitive psychology firstly discusses the sensations. The seeing, hearing and the smelling These are physiologic. The sensation has its threshold. Below the threshold value, people can not detect. In the absolute dark background. The candle as far as 20 miles away. That is the limit of seeing. The visual angel also has its own limit. Therefore, the "great wall" with width of several meters can not be detected with the dyads of people, who is on the moon.
After the sensation, there is perception with some rational sight. A person far away is with small visual angle. But, you never say, this person is as tall as a pencil. You realize that is a person far away. You use the sight with similarity. You use the sight with contrast. you contrast the tree and the house. Then you realize that is an adult.
After the perception, there is rational understanding. (The necessary information speed [a]i is therefore the rational understanding threshold value of society). There emerges the concept in this stage. The concept is a deduction. The horse does not exist. Only white horse, black horse, John horse, Laura horse exist. So, the "horse" is a abstract, Chinese ancient saying "white horse is not horse." Any concept is likely such.
The Chinese traditional painting frequently use the freehand brushwork characterized by vivid expression and bold outline. A painting of horse may have discontinuous outline. But, you may still realize this is a horse. Viner (the founder of cybernetics) said, "human being has the capability to use the concept with fuzzy boundary line." said, "the distinguishing capability of eagle is far less than human being." That is it.
Therefore, here is a step of "outward deduction." is a "certainly will" or in brief. the "potential." Someone said, the category of psychology are perception, emotion, intention, other said only the first two of them. The emotion to the perception is likely the "outward deduction." The deduction or the outward deduction of a point in a curve is the tangent at this point. AT the vicinity of a point. There is a sight of straight. or we name it as "straight thinking." The "inertia" is to maintain the straight movement. Therefore, the meaning of "straight thinking" is near the inertia. The secretary in Chief of Chinese Communist Party Central Committee. Jiang, Ze Min said, human being has always inertia a little.
Non-linearity, non-linear inner insert
Any relation without straight is the non-linearity. If the function values of two points, which are not far each other, are certainly decided, the function value of a point which is between above mentioned two points, can be nearly deduced. This is the function inner insert. If the function curve is non-linear, we need use the non-linear inner insert comparatively precise.
There is a example which has been used in my monograph [ ]. It is the five years programming of coal excavating of Shanxi province. Excepts had researched this problem in 1984. For the expecting product in 1990. The different department gave the original opinion as follows.
The transportation department considered, if the coal product is less than or equal to 140 millions ton, the degree of possibility will be 1. If the product is more than 300 millions ton. The degree of possibility will be zero.
The bank considered from the invest side, if the product is less than 210 millions ton. The degree of possibility will be 1. If the product equals 300 millions ton. The degree of possibility will be 0.29.
From the land use side, if the coal product is less than 190 millions ton. The degree of possibility will be 1. It if is 300 million tons, the degree of possibility will decrease to 0.24.
The water resources department's opinion: if it is the high standard and the product is less than 100 million tons. The degree of possibility will be 1. If the product is 300 million tons and with the same standard for water, the degree of possibility will decrease to 0.24. IF it is lower standard and the product is 190 million tons, the degree of possibility will be 1. If the product is 300 million tons with same lower standard, the degree of possibility will decrease to 0.71.
The human resources department's opinion: if the product is less than 500 - 600 million tons, the degree of possibility will be always . From the side of technical employee, if the product is less than 110 million tons, the degree of possibility will be always 1. IF the product is 300 million tons, the degree of possibility will 0.335.
Professor Wang, Huan Chen, College of Management science, Jiao Tong university, Shanghai, has solved this problem very good by using the system engineering method of possibility -- satisfactory. In fact, they suppose a S shape curve as a double stable state transition function instead of "single log function" in Theory K.O.M. The result of professor Wang's research is: the suitable planned product of 1990 is 200 million tons.
According to K.O.M, we can initiate the C.O. parameters from about mentioned original data. After, we consider the inner cause O is invariant during the operational transform (or topologic transform, or non-linear inner inset). Such, we seek the fair and reasonable "limit of compression." And the better figure is, the programming product at year of 1990: 195 -- 216.5 million tons.
The two figure, which have got by different method, are very near. In the soft science research project, we usually accept several method to get some different solutions. Then, we have the average, that is much reliable.
General speaking, the operations research and systems engineering are the method of natural science and engineering science. They give the first approach of managerial decision making problem. After adding the behavior science factors, we then have the second approach. For the good structured decision making problem, the systems engineering method is easier to use. For the "quasi" structured decision making problem. This method is still effective by managing different mathematical skill. But, for the bad structured or structureless issues. The K.O.M method has its advantage.
Integration, Non-linearity
The K.O.M is a non-linear mathematical programming, but, is also the linear inequilibrium stated stage near the equilibrium region. How can unify these two descriptions.
That is the role of interaction. The constant integrates into straight line. The straight line integrates into parabola etc. The later is just the matter of "jealous function." Integrating OM2 on the abscissa M. the OM has turned into OM2.
A common saying "bad old practices die hard. " The constant integration straight line die rather not so hard. But, if the integrated function is higher plane curve, it will definitely die hard -- equities have been piled up.
Initiation
I initiate the fluid dynamic process to the social managerial process. The air is a medium, which is composed with numerous molecules. The institution is a system with perhaps near thousand persons. But, the essential of the process in information society is the information processing. As the 21st enterprise, they are asked to read the extensive material as quick as 1000 words per minute. If 10 words is a sentence, it will be 100 sentence. If everybody is reading, for a thousand person's institute and in a moderate time rage like one year. How many "information particles" will be processed/ Such, there are about 10 billions "particles" and are likely the numerous molecules group of air.
The air has two basic features. The one is the propagation of pressure disturbance. This is a process of wave. The sound has been propagating through the alternatively pressurized and rarefaction. And the loss of energy is very tiny. The another process is the flow inner between each other. The loss of energy in this kind process is comparatively more. The linqick and the gas are fluid also. But, their features on above two processes are different. For the sound propagation, the speed in liquid is more than in air. The sound speed in air is about 340 M/S, and the sound speed in water is about 5000 M/S. For the flow, the friction in liquick is more than in air. If we stir the oil in a container, we must use some effort. in comparisons with that, if we stir the air in a empty container, we must feel very free to do so.
There are just such two kinds of processes in society system. The one is the information propagating process including the authority document, the hearsay, the book , Journal, newspaper, abstract. The instrument includes telephone fax, computer retrieval, duplicator etc. However, the one of keys is to understand. Therefore, the different institutions have different speed to digest the external information. The another one is process of energy. The examples are the employment, dismissal, new leader group forming, etc. Some institutes are likely the thick oil for the process above mentioned, other institutes are lubricant. The transmitting of information is the function of experts. They always have to know the profession and some foreign languages. But, the cost of information transmission is comparatively less. And the energy flow spends more cost. Turning the blueprint into the reality must spend more labor. If they don't cooperate, the loss will be larger.
"Drifting the current wave and chasing the contemporary flow.' The society process do have the two sides of wave and flow. We initiate them to the fluid dynamics to find the similar frame. It should not surprise us!
Wave equation
Second order partial differential equation. The partial differentiation indicates the function is influenced by many variables. The seance order indicates that we consider the second order differential, the trend of trend. Generally speaking, it is quite sufficient to consider the multi-variables and the trend of trend for such society process.
However, for very special solitary phenomenon, this is still not enough. And from the analogy of natural science, we must consider the third order differentiation.
The second order partial differential equations have been classified as three kinds: the hyperbolic equation (wave equation). The parabolic equation and the elliptic equation. The elliptic equation describes the static or quasi-static process like the subsonic flight, in such case, the wave process is not the significant. It is because the sound speed is more than the plane speed. The pressure wave has already equilibrated thoughought whole region. And the operator of elliptic equation is doing the balancing of up and down, the left and right.
The hyperbolic equation describes the supersonic flight, because the plane flies quicker than the sonic speed, the air particles are not aware when the things come to a head. So, that is a sudden attack. From the other side, the plane is colliding in the air. So, it is necessary to pay some extra: the wave loss.
"Breaking out first, setting up second," That is the manner of supersonic; "Setting up first, breaking out second" that is subsonic. Whether the supersonic is better? We need consider it from both sides of positive and negative.
From one side, we should not dodge the supersonic. In practice, the more processes in modern society are supersonic. The information is nearly always not sufficient. The photograph, which records the matter of human being, has always the bright and dark levels. The reform is the searching to cross the river. In principle, it does such! so, blindly to think about "up and down, left and right" is not the manner of promoter of progress.
However, we should not use the supersonic indiscriminately. In peace times, to copy the experience in war period indiscriminately, lazy to think, don't care experience in war period indiscriminately, lazy to think, don't care investigate seriously, to have the bad habit of guerrilla warfare etc. These are incorrect. The reasons are just cost too high. The reforming has two kinds of loss. The one is the loss of not synchronous, the another is loss of not forming a complete set. In the final analysis, according to the theory of C.O. the better situation is M near 1, or in other words, a little supersonic.
Similarity Theory
The similarity theory is the basic theory of natural science. It relates to there are only three independent dimensions in objective material world (for example, the centimeter, gram, second.) The similarity theory as a better method has widely use in engineering science. So, the scientists and technicians, who is major in fluid dynamics, heat and mass transfer, chemistry engineering, are very familiar with it. The similar triangle, every high school graduate knows it. Here, the pattern dependent criterion is two (because of the constraint of the sum of three inner angles is 180o), So, the set of similar triangles has only two dimensions). The non-pattern dependent criteria are many like the ratio of long side over short side, the ratio of angle divided lines etc. These are decided by the pattern dependent criterion.
Now, the quality K of experts and leaders is imitated to the propagating feature of pressure wave in fluid. The operational speed of things, or the steering the crucial moment, is imitated to the flight mach number, the quality of common mass in system is related to the fluid viscosity. O, usually in mechanics represents the frictional angle. The body on inclined plane usually sides down. However, if the angle with vertical is too large, the body will not slide down, the process has been stopped or locked itself.
The score of (100,76) can be imitated to the three years liberation war. it is really astonishing. Therefore, the things with the score near this are basically good enough. The process is quick enough and smooth enough. In contemporary favorable international circumstance for china. If we do slowly, the Chinese reforming will be missing the chance?
Topology transformation and catastrophe
The topology points out," the ball and the ellipsoid are differentially same embryo, they are same embryo but not differentially same embryo." Many people many make sense of it.
Using the topology transforming of differential same embryo to a typical non-linear equation. And using the skill of serial expansion in the vicinity of a point, we may have lots of same qualitative results of social process. This is the method of catastrophe. And third method like s the C.O. method.
fact, "time is a arrow," "arm bends always to inner," "selfish departmentalize" (the enlargement of proceeding), "when a wall is about to collapse, everybody gives it a push." These are not proportion and linearity but non-linearity. If there is the non-linearity, Someday it will transform to sudden chain.
The Vietnam War, the US government considered but small cost top treat with. Thus, they took the war upgrading. As soon as they find the too much cost, this kind of state must still continue. Until the countsant threat and increasing cost, then they managed to withdraw from war. (president Johnson)
The British's declare war to Germany in Second World War. The government considered at the beginning as too much cost. The tried to avoid the war. After a period of delay, they declared the war, after that, they continued to flight without caring the cost (Premier Churcher)
The rich of society life and the complex of history transform to be simple and pure by using the concepts of "potential", "fact," "delay" etc. In catastrophe theory, it divides the society process as four kinds of convention: the Maxwell convention, non-ideal convention, ideal convention and the saturation convention. They correspond to theory C.O.: The ideal process with O=0; the feasible process with ; the critical process with ; and the statistically not feasible process with O>Oc.
Of course, the enlightened is very good, and that with a little non-ideal delay is still good even more delay but not no way can go or without the room to choice.
And the saturation convention is the diehards of conservative. In sum; a intelligent and sensible person may get the compromise which is not within reach of men without the foresight and sagacity. The government with good imaginative power can grasp the favorable chance and have enough confident to realize this transform, action and enough political means.
The Mechanics Approximate modeling
In April, 1981, Prof. B.V. Dean, at that time he was in case Western reserve university, Cleveland, Ohio, came to Xian China to attend a meeting (Sino-US Jointed symposium of system engineering and system analysis).. His paper said, there are four methods for the managerial operations research;
(1) experiences
(2) interdisciplinary group
(3) approximate modeling
(4) mature math, like O.R.
I appreciate his comment. I consider, the approximate modeling, which is distinguished different from mature math, is practically a mechanics method. In totally four methods, this one is less to be use, and is weak. However, great many bad structured decision making issues do have to use this method. The theory C.O. belongs to this category.
Chapter 9 Cultural Psychology of Chinese
1 The division of cultural psychology
Prof. Hofstadter, the institute of cultural cooperation, Netherlands, has done great deal research in cross-cultural from 1967 to 1978. For 40 countries and 16,000 questionnaires, he got the statistics and advanced four dimensions to describe the differences of different culture of nations.
(1) the tolerance for the gap or power.
(2) individualism and collectivism.
(3) the avoidance of uncertainty.
(4) male and femininity (substantial male and female in values)
The four dimensions of Hofstadter may be considered as: political cultural, thought cultural, scientific cultural and economic cultural psychology.
The culture is the psychological procedure and the nation's genetic code; the culture is historical accumulated sediment, which reflects the different political, economic and historic of different nations; the culture then becomes the core content of citizen's quality; and the culture is the beginning condition for the construction and reforming.
I consider have to have the revision of Hofstadter's four dimensions for the Chinese as follows
(1) Comparatively big tolerance for the gap of power.
(2) Collectivism (on the continual scoring of collectivism and individualism)
(3) Tendency of perceptive knowing
(4) Afraid of other person's gain extra advantages.
Why I advanced the revision for the alter two items? It is because that the "abovidance of uncertain tiny" has the double meaning who is different from other nations for example the Germany, who are different to Chinese. In one side, the Chinese are not accustomed to strict detailed regulations and rules, under this meaning, the avoidance of uncertainty for Chinese is less than Germany; But, from other side, we always feel that the Chinese culture is a defensive culture. Because of quite bad quality of science and culture, The Chinese culture is easier to depress "the starting something new in order to be different." Contrary, the western people have much sprit of risk taking. Considering above mentioned two sides, I revised the item 3 of Hofstadter. Furthermore, the original item 4, the difference of nations for understanding the values are large. So, I also revised the item 4.
The Chinese has comparatively big tolerance. This item is very clear. This is the historic shadow of Chinese long time feudal society. The consciousness of "hope for honest and upright officers" clearly belongs to this. "The international" has the words" "there is nothing of salvation god at all times." But, the Chinese version of "the east is red". There is the people's salvation star. This is another typical example.
The Chinese culture has the tendency of perceptive knowing. This is greatly the synonym of backward of science and culture level for citizens. And the western people's criticizing to China at all times hit it. For example, the famous British expert in Chinese science and technology. Dr. Joseph Lee has printed, the Chinese ancient great four inventions are just inventions. The theoretical contribution of Chinese is less. The philosophy writings of Mao, Zedong names "the practice". Is itself a evidence? Besides, Chinese people seem good at thinking in images.
The "afraid of other person's gain extra advantages" is a negative psychology. This reflexes the backward of economy, the shortage of supply. In rich countries, "keep up with your neighbor," this is anther active.
2 The investigation of Chinese cultural psychology
I have taken investigations several years in Beijing, Shanghai and other place. I use the "2*7 measurement." Since people have near right to speak in this issue. So, I use the "one dimension" method without the distinguishing of leader, expert and mass, the data are as follows, in the table.
group A: the undergraduate and graduate of university of Science and Technology of China. Hefie, P.R>C. 1988.
Group B: The high and middle level leaders and administrative officers of a research institute of Academia Sinica, Beijing, 1990.
Group C: The mixed group of a research institute, Beijing 1990.
Group D: The members of academic committee of a research institute, Beijing, 1990.
Group E: The mixed group of high level, Shanghai, 1991.\
Group F: The group of enterprises and managerial clerk, Shanghai, 1992.
The result, for six groups, totally 230 - 240 persons, the average scores:
(1) 567
(2) 4.37
(3) 5.37
(4) 5.30
In the words, the item 1 is:" basically very"; item 2 is "a little bit," it is because the preliminary stage of socialism item 3 and item 4: more than "comparatively is."
Thus, the four items of comment are approved with different degree. And we get some deduction, for example: "The tolerance for the gap.' is basically very high. The highest score within the four items. In other words, the decision making participation is comparatively stagnant.
Readers may know, the deviations of data are less. And the orders for the items in different groups are nearly same. For example, for the A-E groups, the item 1 gets the highest score with the only exception of group F: the item 1 gets the second highest score. For whole A - F groups. The item 2 ets the lowest score. In short, one dimensional method in such case can also get a good results.
3 At the gate of park
In autumn of 1986, when I was visiting scholar in US. Frank and Anna invited my wife and me to have a travel round the Pennsylvania Dutch country to see the Amish people. Anna is emigrant from H.K. She researches the Chinese history of Qing dynasty. And she knows the difference of Eastern and Western cultures. Frank is a Jewish a emigrant when the vehicle approached to destination named "bird in hand" (This name took from a tavern sign, which pictured a bird resting in a hand, Taverns of the period chose pictures over words because it was easier to recognize to travelers). Anna said to me from the front seat., if an American buy a ticket for you at the gate of a park, you will better accept it instead of decline with thanks. He must be happy for getting the respect. Otherwise, everybody does as he likes.
However, Chinese people always consider to buy tickets for others at the gate of a part. The Chinese host always keep asking at Dinner table. Thus it can be seen, for one culture: firstly thinking of himself is ordinary, everybody does as he likes. For another culture: firstly thinking of others and the collective. It seems that the difference between two cultures just is the order.
In that way, who eventually bought the tickets? I know that for the American conventional, as they gave the ride to us, we perhaps should buy the tickets for them. But, they knew that we only earn a little money. Frank bought the $6 tickets for us. And Anna are very careful and thoughtful to suggest me not to decline.
Thinking of other's convenience and enthusiastic for the friends are the ancient civilization customs. The Eastern culture is that collective goes first. The western culture is that the individual goes first. However, they bought the tickets. it means that except the difference between the individualism and the collectivism there is also the identity between them. Furthermore, a kind of isolated culture may evolve to the distortion end. Then it depresses. The economic development which conversely distort the culture. They influence each other.
A paper published in "Shanghai youth newspaper" April 23, 1993 announced the questionnaire results of high school student values orientation (4056 students). About the collective and private benefits. The investigation found the trend of "consideration to both": hold "contribution should be more than asking for" and "one contribution, one asking for." totally 66%; agree with "the value of life is the contribution, 29.8%; advocate "pay attention to both public and private, benefit others as well as oneself," 86.3%; and the advocate "be utterly devoted to others without any though of self." "selfless" 8%.
This division of story and questionnaire is the supplement of "individualism and collectivism" questioner in 2.
4 Is the C.O. specially designed for Chinese?
Is the C.O. designed for Chinese? It certainly is. Jan. 989, I have a speech in management college, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The Prof. Yang, Xi Shan was the dean at that time. The meeting information wrote: epoch-making theory. He said at meeting, the western theory deals with information and intelligence. So, conversely to western, the distinction is to add the parameter O or dimensions O.
Many years I communicate with others, I found people like the concept of O. They understand that for the "soft process" of information society, if O=1/3, the process will be stoped. For some institutes which haven't been started to reform. They said, O=0.3. In brief, the designed for Chinese is just the design of parameter O.
From the politics side, the suggest the parameter O is to hope much participation of mass adding to the experts' consult. For some institutions, this problem has already be put into agenda. But, for some other institutions, the common quality is still not enough high. And generally speaking. The research institutes are the units with better quality.
From the society side, we need deal with the contradiction of risk and friction. The socialism design lies in collective first and individual afterward, to reduce risk firstly then to reduce the internal friction which needs he carefully balanced. Thus, the later is easier to be ignored; the capitalism design lies in individual first and collective afterward to reduce the internal friction first, the trouble then transmits to side of risk. The small farm of US usually has the scale about 200 acres. The husband and wife and a reasoning hireling are busy whole day. There is no room research for such internal friction. mower, there are full of external risk such as: material seeds, oil, pore cost, sale marketing etc. Again, the shops in capitalism society are the competitors in order to get the most possible profit. There is no need to set up the grade title of an organization: the bureau level unit, the section level unit and division level unit. Under such meaning, there is also no friction.
Therefore, there is easier to have the friction in Chinese society. And this asks us to deal with carefully.
The existence of O dimension has also the cause of cognitive. Chinese people do not like trivial regulations and rules. Chinese people prefer the inductive thinking, synthetic thinking, intuitive and image thinking. And the western people especially the German are accustomed to strict trivial regulations and standards. In this case, the internal trouble can be externalized. Everything can be consulted from the regulation book. Every trouble is the information problem. For that and for the amplifying legal system ,Chinese people should learn from western. However, in other side, something can not be stipulated so trivially. IT is not scientific. The language and the word has always something with fuzzy.
In summary, there are three reasons. The first is negative; not enough democratize. However, the situation is changing. The second is neutral. And the third is with a little positive: the western strike and trivial may not be very scientific.
5 Is the C.O. only designed for Chinese?
In Eastern Japan, the "Sun Zi's military strategies & Tactics" "an Shan Steel and Iron Co. Constitution" are very popular. The Japanese is good at learning. They are not isolated. They learn from both Eastern d Western Cultures and then make the combination. The management of Japan mode has some advantages. At the same times, the American decision making style has been changing from the hard traditional to much more democratic not so only pursuing the fast action. A paper named "to treasure Chinese own management experience -- the self-questioning of 'An Shan Steel and Iron Co. Constitution expert," "The Chinese and Foreign management," 1990, issue 2. The author: Zhou, Chuan. gave the good comment which is valuable to us.
In all fairness, I think that Western people can also accept the theory C.O.. The one is that they have the good democratic tradition. The second is that they are accustomed to statistical questionnaire and the computer digital processing. These are two points comment without real practice. Here I cites a example in mono graph [ ], this case uses the western psychologist's basic human relation tendency questionnaire to have the survey in two classes of USTC. Then I introduce the concept of O. The result is good and interesting. It means, the science can be communicated cross the boundary of countries. And, it means also that western people are much accustomed to questionnaire. Western psychology Schurz in 1955 suggested the analysis for basic human relation tendency. He considered the needs for human relations are three kinds as follows
(1) need for inclusion: It is the need to be belonged to. Conversely, it is isolation and flinch.
(2)need for control: It is the need to control others. Converse direction is controlled by others.
(3)need for affection: It is the desire to set up the emotion with others.
He designed a questionnaire named FIRO-B, total 54 questions. For a number of people, every person must answer these 54 questions. It gives the quality of this society by statistical data processing. The result is a six dimensional number, which describes above mentioned three kinds of need with active and passive two parts
FIT(EI, WI, EA, WA, EC, WC)
in formula,
EI: reflects individual activity associates with others.
WI: reflects individual expects others to accept himself.
EA: reflects individual wants intimate to others.
WA: reflects individual expects others intimate to himself.
EC: reflects individual wants to control others.
WC: reflects individual expects others to control himself.
In 1988, I did the survey for a call of 34 senior undergraduates and another class of 15 graduates of first year in USTC.
It is introduced the concept of O in processing the data. For example, the OC is the frictional coefficient of process for control. The calculation is quite simple:
in formula,
N is the number of people of sample, 9 is the full marks of every question of FIRO-B questionnaire.
The result is,
The first sample ( 34 persons ): OC= 0.204; OA= 0.104; OI= 0.092
The second sample ( 15 persons ): OC= 0.195; OA= 0.129; OI= 0.083
Then we have the following conclusions,
(1) The near result for the same type sample ( the senior undergraduate and graduate of first year ). It means this method has the repeat reappear. So, it is scientific. The error are : 2.3%; 11.2%; 5.4%.
(2) The British scientist pointed:" getting along with scientist mostly is not easy. It is because he didn't have enough confidence for view of himself. And also he doubts other's. This character make confusion easier to others in daily life ". This comment, reflecting the life experiences, is coincident with the result of behavior science. His saying reflects through the scientists have high level of science and culture, but, the scientific research is the things with uncertainly, thus, the OC is only 0.2 level. This is the kind of moderate quality.
A lot of persons pointed, academic person usually is tolerant. This life experience pointed that scientists have generous mind, they have the good quality in affection and emotion inclusion and approving of belonging to. thus,
OI= 0.092; 0.083 is a little less than 0.1 or near 0.1
OA= 0.104; 0.129 is a little more than 0.1 or near 0.1
The O= 0.1 is just classified as "very good ".
In sum, the futures of university students are as follows: The feeling of belonging to and the emotion setting up are the " very good " quality; the concentrating of different views is moderate quality because of eager to offer advises.
As everybody knows, the Chinese cultural is originally the agricultural, the Japanese cultural was in the spread circle. After the Meiji Reformation of Japan ( 1868 ) . The Japanese culture had renewed. The Japanese diligent and the sense of responsibility are the forums of world attention. If we pour the modern scientific information culture into it. Will he the new suppression of ancient Chinese culture? And will it be accepted by western culture?
Appendix
1. The comments of scholars and experts Associate professor Zhang, Zu Cheng's comment ( Aug. , 1984 ) IN June 1984. I had just finished the theoretical model K.O.M , and wrote the themselves " how risk decision making by using the intellectual-onsager-shock wave model " . In June, 1984. the Beijing institute of management, Chinese academic similar, held a national forum for management science, Muai Rou, Beijing. The attendants paid much attention to my speech. The associate Prof. Zhang, Zu Cheng, department of management science, Nan-Kai university ( Me said, he was the head of the ninety of four anti-Japanese child regiments during the anti-Japanese war in Jiao-dong, Shan-dong province ) had the great enthusiastic for writing a preface for me. In Aug. , 1984, I went northward again. In a simple small hotel, which was reconstructed from original air-raid shelter, I had been waiting for a whole day. At that day, me finished the paper which is the preface of " the mechanics of management science " . The paper is as follows,
" Because of the past lessons, realistic demand and how to try to gain the initative in coming information society and to win. The problem of management has been raised to such level as to however to emphasis, it will be accepted by people in different levels.
In a broad sense, the management is the control, the creation and control are the two traits of human being. And the control is much commonly general. Obviously, in future development, human being will try optimal contrail means to get the optimal effects according to self designed goal.
There is the management so long as the society exist. And it continually enriches itself along with the development of society. Along with the continual development of society productive force and in order to defend the productive fruits, the management configures its shape firstly in fields of production and military. And then it has been developed to different theories of all forms.
Like the development of processes of other science fields, the management as a science discipline has been also undergoing the simplification, division, deeping and then returning to entire studying these three steps.
Taylor's scientific management had begun the preliminary stage of productive management of modern management. In the deepening development process, there have gradually been forming two different direction of studying. The one pursues the accuracy for describing and measuring and the application for mathematical method. The other one emmp[hasizes the functions of people in the management. Thus, there re two schools of thought: management science and behavior science, have been shaped. Otherwise, because the complexity of management problem itself, and the different people emphasize the different sides of interested by themselves. Except above mentioned, there has still so-called "management jungle" formed. But, however, from the side of to be measured, there are simply the two categories: the qualitative experience emphasized and the quantitative measurement emphasized.
The past and contemporary study of management science told us, that only to study management goal wholly (not to study separately), it can get the optimal effect. This is the system point of view. This is a great meaningful leap forward. It marks the time of setting up the scientific management theory will have ripped.
The American Harold J. Leavilt considered, in his "managerial psychology": in the days to come, the management theory will much concern people and mathematics; much emphasize the psychology and the analysis.
The of USSR wrote in "theoretical problem of management:" the creativity and the development process are united. Therefore, only the leader's work reasonable, the leader's training and the theory's forming these three to be needed solved problems frequently connected, it can then get the maximum effect. This is the triple formula of management theory forming. Ignoring or abandoning any one of them may strongly weaken even totally lose the possibility to create and develop the management theory.
The two of above mentioned though have the different start points and emphasized sides. But, they all have emphasized the people and some categories in social sciences. From the management practice, generally speaking, the US trends to use computer much extensively, the USSR intentionally mentions the management automation. Obviously, they all pay much attention to measurable and procedureable. Under some meaning to say, in nowadays, either in management theory or in management practice, the one of focusing problems we faced in more or less relative to the accuracy of measure or the soft science harden.
The management science has so many contents in the inter-science. It is really astonishing. It gives the ample scope for one's abilities for any special skill person.
Conrade Bao, Jiren is researcher in mechanics. He uses the models in aerodynamics to quantitatively describe the feature of people and the contribution in decision making or control process: obviously, he uses his special skill to have very helpful searching in soft science harden. When the original of this book appears as a thesis, it leads to many people's attention. For example, the mathematicians, the computer scientists, the automation specialist, management staff members, the specialists in management education. They each airs his own views and then they formed a acting group and suggested comrade Bao to write a book. Comrade Bao has changed the draft three times during two months. Finally, it is totally 80,000 words.
We consider, as the reference book of common management staff member, it is quite a little too profound. However, it does the one of school of thought. It advances quite special point of view and handling skill. Since the written style is not ornate. It is permissible to have more persons to do some work on that. For example, how to further describe in practice or to further discuss in the theoretical side of soft science harden. It is helpful for more persons to put into this field. Therefore, we consider, for the junior and senior undergraduate students with management major, graduate student, and the management staff higher level members. This book is worthwhile to read.
At least the work of casting a brick to attracted. But, to cast into the great waves which is fraught with unlimited power, be sure to give rise to magnificent billows.
Dr. Heilprin's Comment (June, 1986)
Dr. Heilprin is the emeritus professor of University Maryland and the former president of the American society for Information Science (ASIS). In 1989, when was the 50 anniversary of ASIS. He gave a long memorial paper in Journal of the ASIS (JASIS). Dr. Heilprin was born in 1906. He is Jewish descent. He said he plaid with children of ambassador of Qing dynasty in his childhood. On the way to wresting house young science talent prize award ceremonial (in academy of young sciences), he suggested that I continue to stay US> But, I returned to China on schedule.
When I was a visiting scholar in University of Maryland. I attended his class and handed in a paper to him. He read the first page and saw the analogy of M=V/[a] to the aerodynamic Mach number. He was full of praise. But, after that, noting happened. I thought about it. I guessed that he may not finish to read. This was the common phenomenon of " traffic jam " in information society. I remembered the words of research professor in university of Maryland, Wu, Jing Sheng,, who was also the nice chairman of society of American Chinese. He said that try to contact with American is easy indeed; better to speak straightforward. Therefore, I asked to Dr. Heilprin that I hope him to have the reading my paper finished. That remark seems to remind him of something. He nodded his head and lower head said I agreed your asking. After about one month and half, the opportunity came. Pomeranz, Karen of Mckelding library one day informed me. She said that the semester was soon finished, before back to New Hampshire to have summer vacation, Dr. Heilprin was willing to help me. The predictable sequence was that he had three whole days in a week to work with me. We sat side by side in front of a big desk, on which the draft of paper and the two of our lunches laid. He spent 20 hours to help me doing the translation revision ( otherwise, just so-called Chinese English ). And, he made many times long distance calls with Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He talked with the editor in chief Donald Kraft. Eventually, the paper had been published in JASIS ( ). Since JASIS is a world distributed Journal. I received a letter from a research institute of . They asked for further contact. In [ ] , I just wished to thank Dr. Heilprin in working a difficult translation. The comment he wrote for me in June, 1986 had been put into [ ] , which was published in Nov. , 1989. But, Dr. Heilprin didn't read this book, and the reader didn't know the above mentioned process, the following is the comment,
Research professor Xu, lain Chang's Comment ( March, 1989 )
This is one of prefaces of [ ]. At that time, professor Xu was the director of Institute of psychology, Chinese Academia Sinica, at that time. He resided in condominium No. 813, Zhong Guan Cun. first time I met him at the front of elevator. I asked for the address. He said whom you want to see. It was just him! Prof. Xu had a preface for me as follows,
There have been more ten years since the behavior science had had been introduced to China. Growing out of nothing, From small to large, this new field has standed firm preliminary. It has been accepted by people. More than 150 management colleges and lots of university have opened the curriculums of behavior or managerial psychology. The Chinese academia Sinica, the Chinese academy of social science and the Chinese institute of management science have set up the research institute of behavior science. The nationwide society of behavior science has the thousands personal and organizational membership. The international exchange has increased day after days.
We may sat " the situation is gratifying ". However, there are still lots of problems. For example, because of some objective constraints, the enterprises still can not accept great amount of behavior science results. the behavior science is a soft science, which is not likely the engineering and technology that can produce the direct economic benefits; moreover, the behavior science has the point of view from the long time run, and some enterprises have distinct short period behavior. They are very reluctant to accept the instrument of behavior science. Except, above mentioned disadvantageous, the behavior science has itself constraints in the developing in China. It is that this new field has still the shaky foundation in China. Many people, who are engaging to behavior sciences, are still lacking in professional training. And, this discipline relates too much knowledge's in different fields. It is difficult to satisfy the needs. The instruments for solving that are to stress the training of basic knowledge's of the major and to have the interdisciplinary cooperation to tackle key problem. Especially, it is urgent to combine the mathematical skill, systematic viewpoint, computer application and the behavior sciences.
Here I am willing to introduce Prof. Bao, jiren of university of science and technology of China about his new book << The structure of modern managerial behavior >>. This book is his recent year's achievement which combined the system science and the behavior sciences. The behavior is a very complex objection to research. People are lacking precise analytic instruments in such research. For many years, people always use the qualitative describing to discuss the issue of behavior sciences. Though the psychologists have created many quantitative instruments to survey, make statistics analyze. However, people still pursue such goal in order to advance this quantitative analysis to much more generalized level. The K.O.M model advanced by Prof. Bao, Jiren is a try of such pursuing. I hope that the publication of this book could cause the attention of some relative researchers so as to open a new course.
The publication of this book is also a gratifying gain of behavior science research with Chinese character. In recent years, the scholars between the Taiwan strait are discussing the social sciences and behavior sciences with Chinese character. For example, Prof. Yang, Guo Shu, psychology department, Taiwan university and Prof. Wen, Chong Yi, politics department, Taiwan university have advanced the methods and courses should ba taken in researching social science and behavior sciences with Chinese Character. They pointed out:
(1) while standing Chinese society and Chinese people, How to choice problems and directions which haven't been research by western scholars;
(2) while standing common problems, how to choice the annals, which are different from western scholars. And except the common variables, how to choice the variables which haven't been used by western scholar;
(3) how to proceed the comparative study of culture effectively, so as to verify whether or not the important inventions of western research are suitable for Chinese society and Chinese people.
(4) while studying the Chinese society and Chinese people. How to revise the instruments and methods designed by western scholars. How to invent some suitable new instruments and new methods by themselves;
(5) while studying the China and Chinese people, how to probe into and revise the related theory set by western scholars. And never easily overall accept.
(6) How to use Chinese reference materials and research results to discover and create new theory.
I think, it should be very in step with judging Prof. Bao's new book by using these two professor' six standards. And we hope more creativity and probing during the process to create new theory of Chinese behavior science.
* The research to be with Chinese character for the social sciences and behavior sciences compiled by published by Yang, Guo Shu, Wen, Chong Yi, Central Research academy, the nation's study institute. 1982 (the introduction).
Research Professor Tao, Zu Lai's Comment (March 1989)
Tao, Zu Lai with me at same year entered into mechanics institute, Chinese academia Sinica. Except science, he is also found of literature. He is literary talent. This comment is the second preface of [ ]. Answering for my asking he worked whole night till down. He finished it at one go. And it is middle commented very free and easy.
The Road of Pioneer
At a stretch I have read Pro. Bao's new work -- The Structure Of Modern Managerial Behavior, the hand writing draft, the light of early dawn slanted in through the window. However, I feel never tired. The dashing new ideas, imaginative conception, new and original views, precise and penetrating demonstration, vivid style of writing, and the young Bao, Jiren's smiling expression which is floating on these. Al those makes me exciting and inspiring, thought thronging my mind.
Scenes of the past rose before my eyes, the first picture is that, twenty seven years ago in can apartment room f building 58, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing. Five or six young men who have just graduated from university gate, and were stepping threshold of academia Sinica. They were uneasy and excited to think how to put up the way of science. Influenced, by the long preface of Vina's Sybernetics. These young men, standing at the starting line, were ware of that communicating between different disciplines of science and different schools of thought has the potential importance for their future careers. They organized by themselves the "weekend dormitory academic forum" (Tentatively called it). Everytime it had been taken charged by one person, usually this person introduced his major. The first activity of this forum was taken charge by Bao, Jiren. But he didn't choice his major; fluid dynamics as the subject of the forum. His subject is the successful way of scientists in history. He specially went downtown to Wang Fu Jing, where located the branch of social science section library of Chinese Academia Sinica at that time. He borrowed a lot of biographies of scientist. The folk academic forum activity of these youngsters though very childish out of the level. However, they seemed to detect sensitively the developing trend of contemporary science. They tried to display their talents in the conjunctive area of different disciplines. But, the personal fortune is only a light boat in the big society storm and stress. In increasingly great storms of class struggle during that time. The previously new sprouted seeds in hearts of these youngsters neither can group up, blossom and bear fruits, on the contrary, It brigs to them the drowned catastrophe. Perhaps. God bless them!
After the casing of "cultural revolution' there was a new chance for them to bud. The fortune boat of them was again sailing hardly to fixed course. I throwed myself to the field of biomechanics and biology mechanical engineering. And the Bao, Jiren took much courageous and challenging step to go to wide field of social sciences. This book indicates that Bao, Jirne has opened up a completely new way in this new field. This is also the compensation for his lost long-cherished wish of young times. As the ancient Chinese saying: "though the east corner has been lost, the planting mulberry and elm is still not late." I feel rejoicing for that, feel pride for that. However, the rejoicing and pride have a little bitter and astringent taste in it.
Today, science is advancing deep and broad with the speed and scope which are never seen before. Its basic feature is the combination of analyzing and synthesizing. It is the complaining of different disciplines and the trend of viewing as a whole. This is the historical necessity. In the times of agriculture civilization, the people's understanding for the world laid particular stress on the general discussion of whole appearance. It is overall and whole, however, not high level. It is likely the submarine world which is hidden by waters. The dividing does not exist. The organic movement of industrialization lets the mountains which lay at the sea bottom to emerge out of the sea level one after another. They have formed islands -- the different disciplines; the information times come. It let this organic movement to be in managemificent scope and much drastic. Then, while the more mountains emerge out of sea level (the dividing of disciplines), the already existing islands have connected by the new emerging dry land. Thus, the "scientific continent" has formed. The synthesizing and the viewing as a whole for the modern science have been increasingly enlarging day after day. It provided more chances and broad fields, which are never seen before, to brave pioneers. At the same time, it advanced to the pioneers the challenge and enticement, which are also never seen before. The above those two (the chance and broad field, the challenge and enticement) compose the risk. The risk mentioned here has two kinds of meaning. The first, the pioneer goes into unfamiliar field, after leaving his own familiar field. Therefore, the information speed [a] is comparative small for him. According to theory K.O.M , it is the increasement of M, so the risk then will be higher; the second, the result of him is neither ass nor horse. It is difficult to be accepted. This is the higher level system internal dissipate cause by traditional boundaries of professions. According to his theory, the effect of pioneer is positive correlative to risk, , so the more the span is, the higher the possible result's value is. Bao, Jiren choice a way with high risk and high benefit as well. And he got the primary success. He is brave person, he is also a brilliant person. Therefore, for the pioneers of interscience fields, the essentials of success are: (1) solid foundation, i.e. the profound understanding for the "mother field," including the connotations (such as of law, conditions, restraints, traditional mechanics and the skill of solving problem of mechanics) and the extenuation (i.e., the thinking of concepts, the method to deal problems) However, never to look on it as holy. Be prepared at any time to revise it even to abandon it. (2) to go "into sea", go deep into the goal field, here the cooperation is necessary. However, the fellow who comes from other field is never your walking stick. I remember that in 1979, I paid a visit to professor Feng, yuang Zhen, who is the founder of biomechanics, in U.S. He told me, "do you want to study the biomechanics? such, your level of physiology must never be lower than a physician's otherwise, you are only amateur performer forever. Bao, Jiren and me both major in aerodynamics. From between the lines of this book, we may see the traces that he put in time and energy in the goal field of management science and the related field like psychology. Only by going into the sea, opening the windows, to let much light to come in so as to increase the information speed, we may be more intelligent. (3) you have to bear the cold shoulder and blame or censure. Be boldly drive on under the censures. These three points is my experience. I consider this is also Bao, Jiren's way to success.
The management science is a mullet-disciplinary synthetic field. Viewing from the angle of different levels and having the foothold at different start points, we may have different dealing methods and viewpoints, different people have different view, there are great many of school of though within the varying opinions, the novel of his theory K.O.M lies in that he uses the concepts and skills of continuum mechanics to realize the law of managerial behavior and to deal with the issue of management science and then to get inspiring results. The most appreciate is that he use the Mach number conception in aerodynamics. He used it to managerial behavior and advanced the risk related parameter of M=V/[a]. I remember the times of rising of high speed aerodynamics. Professor Von Carmen concluded the basic principles of supersonic flight. One of them is named 'principle of forbidden communication." It is very suitable to have it replanted into management science. This is never the simple imitation! IT is the leap of concept. It is genuine creativity here. And, by using of law of gas kinetic molecular theory and by using analogy to set up the intrinsic system parameters K.O.M etc. Those reflect the flexibility and smart of him to use the mechanics concept to management science. At first glance, it seems very strange, because the mechanics is the moose mechanical, to one's surprise, it can be used to solve the society issue! indeed, the basic feature of method of continuum mechanics lies on: to view the discrete system as continuum system within the reasonable scale. And to use suitable mathematical tools to deal with stochastic process and macro statistical behave or of tiny structure within the discrete system, so, the method of continuum mechanics may essentially be suitable for many (much precisely, should also combine with the method of cybernetics). There have been some successful example like the transportation management (traffic flow) the movement of galaxy and nebula.
Prof. Zhang, Zn Cheng, Na Kai University, China in Aug. 1984 wrote a comment for Bao, Jiren's thesis to point out:" In nowadays, either in management theory or in management practice, the one of the focusing problems we faced is more or less relative to the accuracy of measure or the soft science being harden." He also pointed out that Bao, Jiren used his special skill to have very helpful searching in soft science harden. I think, in the process of soft science being harden. The continuum mechanics will play more and more roles.
It should be also pointed out. The soft science being harden is the common phenomenon (or trend) of development of modern science. This is also a controversial problem. There are lot of different versions. To speak energy taking two extreme ends: the one versions or one school of thought considered that the social phenomenon and the humane, studies are very complicated and vague, and the soft science, which has the above as the study object may become changed or distorted beyond recognition during the process of harden because the "mechanistic" and "simples," Therefore, it is useless for the problem solving except to use some technical terms or jargons so as to frighten the people; the another version or another school of thought considered that the science should be quantitative and be accuracy and be conformed with the scientific paradigms, being not harden is then never the science. Here is a problem of methodology to be advance, in the history of human understanding, there are always two school of thought, i.e. the viewing the situation as a whole and the structural theory. The latter considers that the whole is constituted by parts. Therefore, the parts are the base to analyze. The former considers, that the parts are determined by the whole. Therefore, the parts analyzed are not equal the parts in the whole. By and large, the science and technology school of thought of management science and the math -- physics school of thought of management science are both based on analyzing. And the "applicable method " school of thought is originated from the viewing the situation as a whole. We consider, that both school of thought have their reasons. The social phenomenon and the humane process are the high level form of movement of complex system. They have the features as a whole and also include many lower level form of movements. Because the relativity of whole and the parts. Therefore, the analyzing has its applicable, however, it can never guarantee to cure all diseases. It is because the whole is larger than the sum of its parts. Now, the question is not to unite the applicable method school of thought or the vice versa. The question is to understand their limitations and applications so as to promote the development of both. And to get the unity in higher level. Here, the citation of saying of Lao Zi ( ancient Chinese philosopher ) is perhaps meaningful. He said in << Ethics >>: " observing individual from individual's, observing family from family's, observing country from country's, observing state from state's, observing world from world's". It is said that the different maters should be used the different suitable methods to understand it. Thus, me can get the right comparisons. In other words, the different methods for understanding have their own suitable objects, scopes and levels. If we sit in the right seats, we will get the right results. The theory K.O.M is a kind of new theory in the field of management science. It is a one school of though. It does have its own field of activity. It does have its own vitality. The future practicing and researching must have future to verity it, to purify, to advance and to develop it.
The rich golden autumn belongs to diligent polishing and weeding man. Let us encourage each other in our endeavors.
Other two comments
There are two comments, the one is << The bridge between social science and natural science >> , the authors are 8516 Ceng, da jun and 8615 Zheng, li; Dai, jiam Zong; Mao, Ya qin. The 8516 means the undergraduate student of the university of science and technology of China ( USTC ) who was enrolled in 1985 and in department 16. Ceng, da jun was a very smart student of " young talent class " . Now he is a Ph.D. candidate in Carneige-Mellon university. The 8615 means the undergraduate student of the USTC who was enrolled in 1986 and in department 15. The paper of them was published in school magazine of the USTC, March 19, 1990. The second one << The golden key >> . The author is 8413 Yao, jian da., who later became a graduate student in USTC.
The Bridge Between Social Science and Natural Science
March 10, 1990
The natural science has its precise quantitative analysis. The social science can not do the precise quantitative analysis, like natural science, because its own feature.
Human being is of society, though they have the base of natural laws. Therefore, totally natural science modeling of human behavior is only a abstract, which is not equal to real man.
To put the human behavior in an orderly track, to use the gained information sufficiently, and to hold the opportunities, to take the optimal control instruments so as to get the optimal effect. These are the goal of the theory K.O.M, which has been advanced by Prof. Bao, Jiren, department 15 of our university. This theory starts from natural science, accepting the mathematical and mechanical method and through some linear hypotheses. It has made penetrating abstract and approximation. Then to set up the quotations, which describe the human behavior. On these grounds to set up a non-linear mathematical programming so as to describe the optimal control probe. To be worth to say, these equations include such specially contained in social life like "internal discipative," friction loss and the effectiveness of information transmission. Then it has solved the joining of hard and soft sides.
Men, can be considered as a concept of moderate scope (between the micro and macro). Being the same as, Prof. Bao, Jiren's theory is also to describe the moderate scope thins. The law of managerial behavior generally is at the vicinity of statistical certainty. it may be used with some uncertainty. This is just the distinguishing feature of the theory. Because of the compels of the society, the theory is as a partly qualitative and partly quantitative method, which has been compared to the precise natural rules of natural science possible to be a "quasi' natural role.
We feel that the theory is possible academically to mix together with economy, history, management psychology etc. Because these disciplines have also the problem about how to describe the people; the second, the theory may give the helpful promotion in real life, in the practical application, the "hard side" of the theory isn't the expert's consulting. The "soft side" of the theory is the popular will of behavioral questionnaire. Then, it is an advancement for already existing "leader, experts and mass combination." It lets the later to be more precise and perfect. We should say this is not so difficult. I other words, the "operative feasibility" is very strong. Therefore, we consider the perspective of this theory is gratifying.
It is cheerful that the book of Prof. Bao, Jiren "The Structure of Modern Managerial Behavior" has already been published by the press of university of science and technology of China. As the first readers, we feel this book has its distinguishing feature.
First of all, it has advanced creative theory. The materials are very new and complete, which are across the management science, cognitive science. The old and new three theory (i.e. in China, people named the system theory, information theory. Cybernetics, synergism, catastrophe theory and dissipate structure theory as old and new three theories). And a great deal of first hand data have been introduced in this book. The second, the writing style basically takes the pattern following the researching, finding, problem, solving problem. Then, it gave much inspirations of methodology to readers who have the will to engage in research.
We thank the press of our university for their supporting. The publishing the book which brings forth new ideas. And they insist on reducing the price form the cost price 4.5 to 2.5. This is really a good news to young readers who have the embarrassed pockets.
The Golden Key
Having look for this title, you may consider this is a novel or prose or exposition. It is not indeed. Here we introduce you a high efficient practical and pragmatic theory K.O.M, which should not be lacking in modern life. It may be considered as a golden key to open the modern information society.
It is lucky that this semester I have choice this class of "Managerial behavior". Then, there is plentiful and colorful picture on the front of mine. I haven't seen it before, I got a lot. For a student of other department, I am interested at the beginning. However, after that, I just like such a theoretical science. The science is beautiful, I love beautiful things. I am anxious to write my learning during the past half year.
More than 300 years ago, Newton had finished a great synthesis of mechanics knowledge in natural science. He created the Newton's three laws and pushed the natural science forward a great step. At the beginning of this century. Einstein created the theory of relativity. he advanced the human's cognition into micro scope and high speed world. He became a master of great learning. The natural is complex, however, the human society and cognitive field are even more many and diverse. So many contents and so wide the field really surprise the people. It is difficult to summarize a general practical theory in social sciences. hopefully, the theory K.O.M has taken the try. In the broad sense, it deals with philosophy, psychology, law, sociology, ethics and the mathematics, mechanics, operations research, cybernetics, information science, system theory and politics, economic, aesthetics as well. If we look on the social sciences and natural sciences as a lot of pearls, then we may look on the theory K.O.M as the silk thread, which ties these disciplines. Facing so many knowledge of human. The theory K.O.M jumped on the moon to view and understand the human behavior and human knowledge. Therefore, it presents in a clear, logical and well organized. In some exaggerated. The theory K.O.M is the unified field theory in social sciences to grasp the theory K.O.M, to grasp the headrope. This is the theoretical contribution of theory K.O.M. And aso the must deep feeling I got during the learning process.
The theory K.O.M is not only the chains of knowledge's, but also the key to understand the world, moreover, it is also a kind of methodology to transform the world. It is practically a kind of philosophy, a kind of world outlook. I previous learn always natural science. I am accustomed to pursue quantitative analysis and accuracy. My thinking is simply straightford back and fourth -- likely carrying a long stick on shoulder in a small lane. Facing to the miscellaneous world, I feel too mess and out of order. I have been always thinking to put these phenomena in an order. However, I found myself powerless. Sometimes there is mess of my thinking so as to have made psychological obstacle. In one side, it is true that we haven't enough life experience. In other side, we do lack some methodology to know the world. The philosopher cannot explain some practical phenomena. The theory K.O.M brings good tiding for us. Though we have used some conclusions of this theory without the awareness. However, having knowing this theory, we are becoming a bird in the sky. We may look down at human activities from the high level of 10,00 meters. The man activities then are not so complex. At least, there will be some certainty from the macroview or uncertain but approximate law for prevision. The social sciences are complex. The management is the concentration of that. And the theory K.O.M sets up a solid framework for the management. If the people's thinking has depended on this solid framework. They will have some feelings of safety. it is likely a bouncing and vivacious heart has its place to stay. Thus, the theory K.O.M give the contribution again. The above mentioned two points are the function of theory K.O.M in the basic principle, basic level, to ours thinking. Its role lies in establishing ties among knowledge, managing reasonable the thinking and the reassuring the people's minds at rest. These are the comparative broad sense of it.
From the level of application, the functioning of the theory K.O.M is much practical. It makes great effort for the much more quantitative of management science. It is necessarily to have the theory popularized especially in China. The management practicing in China used to be mostly experience style. They use the experience of winning the war to the peace times of construction. And it brings about the huge loss. These examples are numbers. The contemporary reforming has also many problems. It relates to that our country lack to troop of management with high level. From state to organization, many things are lacking of scientific verification so as to bring about the 'waster money and manpower" and tiny effectiveness. Today, the advancing the managerial skill level of cadres, especially high level cadres, has been the pressing matter of the moment. The theory K.O.M has its broad scope for displaying one's abilities. It is a half quantitative and half qualitative decision making analysis. it is fitting people's daily life experiences. however, it has advanced the experiences to the retinal high plane. its strong power exists just here! It has revealed some substantial laws of human society and human life. And it has made the concentration of concepts. Then making the mathematical deduction from the mechanics for the thinking criterion law of human society. As an advanced managerial theory, the K.O.M is basically to surpass the experience. An it is a key to go to accuracy. This is statement is really not excessive. The theory K.O.M, which bas been come into being in the earth of China, no doubly should be popularized in China first..........
2. The Tale Of "Single Log Bride Function"
3. Reference
(1) Low Risk Decision Making By Using Of "Intellectual-- Onsage -- shock wave model Hune 1984. The thesis of University of Science and Technology of China. (USTC)
(2) The Mechanics Of Management Science 1986. The teaching material of management cadre college, Chinese Academia Since.
(3) K.O.M model: a bridge an a language Journal of the America society of information science. 39 (1) 17-21, 1988
(4) Managerial Behavior -- K.O.M thinking structure 1988 The teaching material of USTC.
(5) The Structure of Modern Managerial Behavior Nov. 1989. The USTC press (ISBN 7-312-00116-5/C.3)
(6) Formal operational operator for socialism Oct., 16, 1991. Shanghai Science and Technology newspaper.
(7) K.O.M theory of the triple decision making optimization. The world science (ISSN100-0968) 1994.4
(8) K.O.M theory: A modern society operator. Journal of decision making and decision support systems (ISSN 1004-860X) Jan., 1995.
(*. above listed are totally author's publications)
Postscript
This book is about decision making science and behavior science.
Though the section to section 3. This book has discussed the scientific theory, the pragmatic method and the philosophy and culture as well. Thus, what is the scientific theory the theory mentioned here is the soft science theory. As discussed in introduction. H.A. Simon used the "natural law" with the quotation marks. Is this to reflect the embarrassing situation of inter-science, which as been attacked front and near?
Kong, de Yong said, "the soft science is a kind of synthetic science and technology with the goal to solve the policy and technology with the goal to solve the policy and decision making problems and with the objects or researching the people and society system, human and nature system."
Yu, Jing Yuan said, "The research related how systematic and synthetic to use whole human knowledge system so as to direct solving the complex practical problems. Thus, is the common sense of soft science research. The comrade Wan, Li advance in the first national soft science working forum, 1986, Beijing: " the soft science research uses the modern science and technology as instruments, the complex society problem as research objects and the goal to help the advancing scientific level of decision making. Fro its nature, it belongs to the auxiliary science to leadership. The auxiliary science for decision making. To a certain meaning, the soft science research is just the decision making research."
To sum up, the theory of soft science, itself is difficult to distinguish with the method. The theory K.O.M has advanced the general three dimensional framework and the general non-linear mathematical programming form for the second hand regulating and controlling. For these, it is a theory. However, the theory should be put into practice. And the application must have certain conditions, including the staff quality, the character of problem, the technical conditions, therefore, in the competition of different methods. It can only get some certain share. Specially, the K.O.M is the new one. The latecomer, therefore, it may not have large portion of market. So, only to stress that it is a kind of method is not very relevant.
From the sides of philosophy, mathematics and culture. The K.O.M got the great success. It describes the emotion, rationality and law, the state, collective and individual. The party spirit, factionalism and personality. And it shows clear, logical way: In "social mathematics", i.e. The non-linear description of human studies, it appears bright -- colored. Therefore, whether or not we may say it got the quantitative break through progress in the human studies field of non-linear sciences; The their, the cultural side, the introduction of O is Chinese style, it fits the character of Chinese cultural psychology with thousands year's sediment. My friend Zhao, Yong Chang considers that the theory K.O.M is beautiful. In recent years, he has been visiting in Hawaii University. he suggested that better to develop with the inclination of philosophy. However, we may not say this is a philosophy book now.
In sum of above three sides. It is quite relevant to say this is a profound and philosophic book. When I was a student in Qinghua University, Beijing, China. First, I enrolled in department of engineering physics. Then shifted to department of engineering mechanics and mathematics. This was my origin. After the graduation I engaged the research projects including the defense projects, the civil projects and agricultural projects as well. I had been to country side and factories. After that, I did the teaching in University of Science and Technology of China. Also, I was a visiting scholar in US from 1985 -- 1987. To contribute some quantitative philosophic as having the integrating ex[pretenses of decades. it is natural and perhaps it must be. The break through of mathematical modeling happened in the first half year of 1984. There has been ten years since then. It is so-called "grinding a sword with ten years" (Chinese Proverb). Somebody said that I had digger a tremendous deep hole. I have got lots of friends. However, be unavoidable, sometimes I play the role of single person who is adept in martial arts and having strong sense of justices (in olden times). It was because people don't understand me well. Therefore, it is difficult to shrink 0 years to likely 6 or 7 years.
"The science and technology are the first productive force." Therefore, they frequently play the or of break through.
The book "The structure of modern managerial behavior" got the most honorable prize: the Chinese book prize. it is organized by the propaganda ministry of Chinese communist party central committee. Its procedure includes the preliminary selecting, reexamining and the final judgment such "triple sieve." Finally, they have approved this theory has the break through in inter science. However, the movement of science and the movement of society are complex. The many factors must cause the wave movement with low and high tides. The following is the address of famous American Chances Professor yang, Hen Ning., The noblest of Physics, harden, China July, 1993. It may be relevant to have it as a philoue of this book.
The title of Professor Yang:" The review and look ahead for the entering into China of modern science." He discussed the historical development of Chinese science and technology and its position in the world. he pointed out that the historians commonly accepted that the Chinese technology were advanced than Europe's before 1400 AD However, from 1400 AD to 1600 AD three was the "stagnant period" afterwards of "hesitate to move forward," From 600 AD to 1900 AD there was the extreme "resistance period" of China to world development of science and technology. But, the second half of twentieth century, i.e. the more than 40 years afterwards since the new China had been founded. The science and technology progress of China is extreme great. The achievements are glorious. They set up themselves independent science and industry systems, "the modern science and technology has already been native.. Therefore Professor Yang said, he keeps the absolute optimistic for the twenty first century's development of Chinese science and technology.
In the address, professor Yang pointed out that the origin of modern science and technology was Isaac Newton. Newton published his "Mathematical Principle" in 1687. The first time human being understand that many phenomena in nature may be described by accurate mathematical language, may be regularized and may be predicted. professor Yang also pointed out," if you study the Newton's Mathematical Principle, the historical great writing, you will find the complete similar in structure with the Geometry master copy -- that was the year of about 300 AD, Greece." Then, Professor yang mention XU, bang Qi, who was working in the year of 1607 with the visiting Italian missionary Li, Ma Du to translate the "Geometry Master Copy". The chapter 1 to chapter 6.
As people know, Xu, Quang Qi was a great scientist and high rank officer was well. he got the double position of leader and expert-scholar as well. XU was typical native Shanghai landau. Someone comments, that was a great scientist of world level as they, the Shanghai landaus, had the first taking the field. The yea of 1993, it was the 360 anniversary of his death (six cycles of sixty years, the ancient Chinese calendar: the heavenly stems and earthly branches, two sets of signs, with once conclusion taken from each set to from 60 pairs, designating years, formerly also months and days.) The author specially went to the Guang Zi Park, which locates just opposite with the government building of Xu, Hui district of Shanghai city. All sorts of feelings well up in may mind, while I was facing the round shape tomb and reading the inscription by famous professor Su, Bu Qing.
For the theory K.O.M, which is strong philosophic and theoretical. People say:" too profound"! Others may say, too busy, never have time to read it! However, I like to point out, the mathematical model and the operational mechanism are impossible to be very simple. Moreover, I discussed it by reducing to bare essentials and explained the profound in simple terms. here I would like to cite some words of Xu, Guang Qi. He recommended the deduction method of "geometry Master Copy" in a paper. he said:" likely extreme obscure, practically clear; likely extreme complicated, practically simple; likely extreme difficult, practically easy." I might borrow these three sentences to the theory K.O.M. And I would like to suggest that people read it and oblige me with your valuable comments.
Finally, I acknowledge the responsible editor Gu, Zhao Min. Though he majored in human studies. However, he can understand this theory quickly. he said, it got the good comments in the experts circle, and he believed it will be accepted by many readers and decision makers. For the publication of this book, I wish to thank him.
Virtual School
Middle of Nowhere
Brad Cox
| Modification date: March 07, 2004 | © Copyright 2004 by Brad Cox |