This may vary over time. During initial deployment in environments were users can be trusted, software-based instantiations may involve little or no special hardware. We also expect subsequent instantiations that use tamper-resistant silicon technology capable of withstanding fraudenlent activity by a general user population.
[2] Except where otherwise noted, the source for trade data cited in this section is the U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, U.S. Industrial Outlook 1994.
[3] Since the journals in which many of these articles were originally published may not be readily accessible, CEM provides electronic access via the WWW URL: http://mason1.gmu.edu/pub/ftp/bcox/WWW/CEM/00CEM.html.
[4] Tollboths on the Information Highway, article in PC Week by Robert L. Scheier.
5 ASCAP and BMI are even better, if lesser known, models from the music industry. The primary difference is, since that CEM can take advantage of computing and telecommunication technology to accurately count invocations (the music industry's rarely used `pay per needle-drop' ideal) instead of relying on averaging as ASCAP and BMI do today.
Brad Cox, Patent Notebook; 1990